from the inferior aspect of the pelvis to the knee

has anterior, posterior and medial regions

between the thigh and leg regions

has anterior and posterior regions

from the knee to the ankle

has anterior, posterior, and lateral regions

between the leg and the foot

includes the medial and lateral malleoli

the inferior part or planta of the foot

is divided into medial lateral and central regions

the surface over the flexor muscles

the surface over the medial malleolus of the tibia at the ankle region

the surface over the lateral malleolus of the fibula at the ankle region

is one in which the body is standing erect with the toes and palms facing anterior

-the position of reference for much terminology

Suprior, Cephalic, Cranial is?

toward the head

ex. the knee is superior to the ankle

away from the head

ex. the foot is inferior to the ankle

toward the front side

ventral is usually reserved for embryology

ex. the patellar surface is anterior to the popliteal surface

toward the back side

-dorsal is usually reserved for embryology, except when referring to the foot's dorsum

ex. the popliteal region is posterior to the patellar region

closer to the midline (central line) of the body

ex. the hallux (great toe) is medial to the 5th pedal digit

farther from the midline

ex. the 4th pedal digit is lateral to the hallux

between 2 structures

-ex. the ankle is intermediate to the leg and foot

on the same side of the body

ex. the right forearm is ipsilateral to the right lower limb

-most often used for neurology

on the opposite side of the body

ex. the left arm is contralateral to the right thigh

-most often used for neurology

closer to the origin/main structure

ex. the thigh is proximal to the leg

farther from the origin/main structure

ex. the foot is distal to the knee

closer to the surface

ex. Skin is superficial to bone

farther from the surface, closer to the center

-ex. Muscles are deep to skin

Define Flexion?

decreasing the angle between body parts, generally

-usually an anterior direction except the knee and more distal joints where it is a posterior direction

increasing the angle between body parts, generally

-usually a posterior direction except at the knee and more distal joints where it is an anterior direction

extension beyond the anatomic position

-occurs normally at the neck, wrist, hip ankle and MTP joints; The term not usually used for hip ankle or MTP joints

moving around the long axis of a part

-occurs primarily at the hip and shoulder joint

movement of a part in a circular pattern.

-combines flexion and extension with abduction and adduction; movements must occur in alternating sequence

extension of the ankle joint or joints distal to the ankle joint.

ex.  bringing the dorsum of the foot closer to the anterior surface of the leg

flexion of the ankle joing or joint distal to the ankle joint

ex. moving the dorsum of the foot farther from the anterior surface of the leg

Define Supination?

combination of plantar flexion, adduction and inversion of the foot

an immovable joint

ex. sutures of the skull

a slightly movable joint

ex. symphysis pubis

a freely moveable joint

primarily these in lower limb

ex. hip joint

Functional-based on the amount of movement available at a joint

Structural-based on the material that unites the bone ends

Sutures, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis

of the skull

-funtional synarthroses

between a tooth and the alveolus/socket

-functional synarthroses

2 bones held together by a sheet of fibrous tissue

ex. tibiofibular syndesmosis

-functional amphiarthroses

-united by hyaline cartilage

-temporary joints

ex. epiphyseal/growth plates

-funtional synarthoses

-united by fibrocartilage

-permanent joints

ex. intervertebral discs or symphysis pubis

-functional amphiarthoses

-articular capsul/fibrous joint capsule unies the bone ends

-articular cartilage(usually hyaline) on the bone ends

-synovial membrane lines the joint cavity except the articular cartilage and produces synovial fluid

-synovial fluid produced by synovial membrane and fills the joint cavity (lubricates and protects the articular cartilage)

-joint cavity, space between the bone ends and within the capsule

bone ends are both flat surfaces

-allow gliding movements only, no rotation

ex. intertarsal joints

complex surface shapes that may involve more than 2 bones

-allow movement in one plane; flexion and extension

ex. ankle joint

1 rounded, ball like projection and 1 shallow saucer-like surface

-allow movement in two planes; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction

ex. metatarsophalangeal joints

2 saddle shaped surfaces

-allow movement in two planes; flexion and extension or abduction and adduction (not both at same time)

-have a small amount of rotation due to joint surface shapes

ex. calcaneocuboid joint

2 large rounded projections contacting 2 saucer-like areas

-allow movement primarily in one plane with a small amount of rotation

ex. knee joint

1 large rounded, ball-like projection and 1 cup-like depression

-allows movements in three planes

-have all movements-flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction,internal rotation and external rotation

ex. hip joint

dense connective tissue that connects bone to bone

-often blend with articular capsules

1. Compact, cortical, or dense

2.Cancellous, trabecular or spongy

very solid

-appears white on radiographs due to closely packed cells

-provides strength to the bone

appears as thin interlaced plates on radiographs due to loosely packed cells

-has good blood supply for rapid healing

part of the axial skeleton

-includes the skull, verterbrae, ribs, sternum and manubrium

part of the appendicular skeleton/limbs

usually have greater length than width

-found in the limbs

-slight posterior/plantar concavity (curvature) in the lower limb for strength

ex. femur

the central tubular part

-primarily compact bone

the hollow core in the diaphysis

-contains bone marrow

the ends of the bone

-core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone, areas of articulation are covered with cartilage

-epiphysis is singular

flared part between the diaphysis and epiphyses

-core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone

-metaphysis is singular

Describe short bones?

roughly cube shaped

-found only in the carpus and tarsus

-core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone

ex. cuboid and cuneiforms

Describe and give an example of an Irregular bone?

complex shapes with varying amounts of cancellous and compact bone

ex. vertebrae and facial bones

two parallel plates of compact bone with a minute amount of cancellous between two plates

ex. ribs and skull

round or oval bones located within tendons and often joint capsules

ex. patella-largest sesamoid in the body and the sesamoids of the first metatarsal bone

1.protect the tendon from wear

2.create a mechanical advantage for the muscle by changing the angle of the pull and altering the muscle action

small bones with smooth regular edges

-may be a non-fused portion of an existing bone or an extra bone

-may be located within joint capsules

ex. os intermetatarseum and os supratalare

-many in the foot

an opening (hole) for the passage of vessels and nerves

ex. nutrient foramen, sacral foramina

Define sulcus,groove? (sulci)

give example

a ditch-like furrow for the passage of soft tissue structures

ex. obturator groove, lateral malleolar sulcus

Define Fossa? (fossae)

give example

a depression in or on a bone

ex. iliac fossa, lateral malleolar fossa

Define Notch?

give example

an indentation along the edge of a bone

ex. greater sciatic notch

Define Condyle?

give example

a large rounded or depressed articular prominence

ex. medial femoral condyle

Define Epicondyle?

give example

a small prominence superior to a condyle

ex. medial epicondyle of the femur

Define facet?

give example

a smooth flat surface for articulation

ex. middle facet of the calcaneus

Define tubercle?

give example

 a small rounded prominence for the attachement of soft tissue structures

ex. adductor tubercle of the femur

Define Tuberosity?

give example

a large rounded prominence often roughened for the attachement of soft tissue structures

ex. tibial tuberosity

Define Trochanter?

give example

a large blunt process only on the femur

ex. greater trochanter

Define Crest?

give example

a prominent border or ridge

ex. median sacral crest

Define line,ridge?

give example

a ridge, much less prominent than a crest

ex. soleal line of the tibia

True

What is the exception of short bones for having only one center of ossification?

connective tissue continuation of the muscle

-attaches muscle to bone

a dougle layer of connetive tissue around a tendon with a small amount of fluid between layers

-allows tendon to glide freely when the muscle contracts or relaxes and prevents friction or damage to tendon

where the layers of tendon sheath meet each other

-may remain as a single structure, or partially, or completely degenerate

What is vincula?

function?

name given to areas of mesotendon that are present on the flexor tendons of the hand or foot

function: are areas for passage of vessels that nourish the tendon

Describe watershed area?

-on tendons that don't have tendon sheaths

-area of tendon where there is the greatest potential of injury du to lack of blood supply

flat connective tissue sheet

-attaches muscle to muscl, muscle to bone or muscle to skin

ex. plantar aponeurosis/plantar fascia

located just beathe the skin and develops as a result of abnormal friction

ex. over a bunion

What type of muscle is heart muscle tissue?

smooth (non-striated)

Origin

(the proximal attachment from an anatomic view)

insertion

(the distal attachment from an anatomic view)

muscle fibers running parallel to midline are called?