what are the main actions of the posterior compartment muscles

hip and thigh = extensors

knee and leg = flexors

what is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris muscle long head

O: posteroinferomedial ischial tuberosity

I: lateral aspect of the fibular head and the anterior edge of the lateral tibial condyle

what is the action of biceps femoris long head

extends the thigh

flexes and laterally rotates the leg

what is the nervous and arterial supply to the long head of biceps femoris

NS: tibial part of the sciatic nerve

AS: profunda femoris perforating arteries, inferior gluteal and popliteal arteries

what is the origin and insertion of semitendinosus muscle

O: posteroinferomedial aspect of the ischial tuberosity

I: proximal medial shaft of the tibia

what is the action of semitendinosus muscle

extends the thigh

flexes and medially rotates the leg

what is the nervous and arterial supply to semitendinosus muscle

NS: tibial part of sciatic nerve

AS: profunda femoris perforating arteries, inferior gluteal and popliteal arteries

what is the origin and insertion of biceps femoris short head

 O: lateral lip of linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line

I: lateral aspect of head of fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia

what is the action of bicpes femoris short head

flexes and laterally rotates the leg

what is the nervous and arterial supply to biceps femoris short head

NS: common fibular part of sciatic

AS: profunda femoris perforating arteries and popliteal arteries

what is the origin and insertion of semimembranosus muscle

O: posterosuperolateral portion of the ischial tuberosity

I: groove for semimembranosus muscle and posterior knee joint as the obilque popliteal ligament and the fascia over the popliteus muscle

 what is the action of semimembranosus muscle

extends the thigh

flexes and medially rotates the leg

what is the nervous and arterial supply to semimembranosus muscle

NS: tibial part of the sciatic nerve

AS: profunda femoris perforating arteries, inferior gluteal and popliteal arteries

what three muscles make up the hamstring muscles

biceps femoris (long head)

semitendinosus

semimembranosus

what is the origin, action, and nervous supply to the hamstring muscles

O: ischial tuberosity

A: extend the thigh and flex the leg

NS: Sciatic Nerve

what is the primary action of the anterior compartment muscles

knee and leg extensors

all the muscles of the posterior compartment are innervated by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve except

the short head of bicpes femoris

common fibular part of biceps femoris

what is the origin and insertion of the tensor fascia lata muscle

O: lateral lip of iliac crest, anterior to iliac tubercle

I: Iliotibial band which inserts at gerdys tubercle

what is the action of tensor fascia lata muscle

flex and abduct the thigh

stabilizes the hip during gait

extend the leg

stabilizes the knee during gait

what are the nervous and arterial supply to tensor fascia lata muscle

NS: Superior gluteal nerve

AS: superior gluteal artery and lateral femoral circumflex arterty

what is the origin and insertion of the sartorius muscle

 O: ASIS

I: proximal medial shaft of the tibia

what is the action of the sartorius muscle

flex and laterally rotate the thigh

flex the leg

what is the arterial and nervous supply to the sartorius muscle

NS: femoral nerve

AS: femoral artery

what is the origin and insertion for the rectus femoris muscle

 O: Straight head = AIIS

Reflected head = iliac part of the acetabular rim externally

I: base of patella forming part of the quadriceps tendon and then the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

what is the action of rectus femoris muscle

extend the knee

assist in flexion of the thigh

what is the nervous and arterial supply to rectus femoris muscle

NS: femoral nerve

AS: decending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery

what is the origin and insertion of vastus intermedius muscle

 O: superior 2/3 of the femoral shaft

I: base of the patella forming part of the quadriceps tendon and the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

 what is the action of vastus intermedius muscle

extends the leg

what is the nervous and arterial supply of vastus intermedius muscle

NS: femoral nerve

AS: Decending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery

what is the origin and insertion of  vasus lateralis muscle

O: superior intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior greater trochanter, lateral edge of the gluteal tuberosity, superio lateral lip of the linea aspera

I: lateral border of the patella forming part of the quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

what is the action of vastus lateralis muscle

extend the leg

pull the patella laterally

what is the nervous and arterial supply to vastus lateralis

NS: femoral nerve

AS: descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery

what is the origin and insertion of vastus medialis muscle

 O: inferior intertrochanteric line, the spiral line, the medial lip of linea aspera, and superior medial supracondylar line

I: medial border of patella forming part of quadriceps tendon the tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

what is the action of vastus medialis muscle

extend the leg

pull the patella medially

what is the nervous and arterial supply to vastus medialis muscle

NS: Femoral nerve

AS: femoral, profunda femoris, and superior medial genicular arteries

what is the origin and insertion of the articularis genu muscle

 o: distal anterior shaft of the femur

I: posterior aspect of the suprapatellar bursa, superior extension of the capsule of the knee joint

what is the action of the articularis genu muscle

tense knee joint capsule/suprapatellar bursa during extension to prevent impingment of the capsule

what is the nervous and arterial supply to articularis genu muscle

NS: femoral nerve

AS: superior medial genicular artery

what four muscles make up the quadriceps femoris muscle

vastus medialis, lateralis, intermedius muscles

rectus femoris muscle

what is the insertion, actions, and nervous supply to quadriceps femoris muscle

I: base of patella then the tibial tuberosity via the patella tendon

A: extend the leg, aid in flexion of the hip

NS: Femoral nerve

what is the primary action of the medial compartment muscles

adduct the hip and thigh

what is the origin and insertion of pectineus muscle

O: pecten pubis

I: pectineal line of the femur

what is the action of pectineus muscle

adduct and flex the thigh

 what is the nervous and arterial supply to pectineus muscle

NS: femoral nerve

AS: obturator artery and medial femoral circumflex artery

what is the origin and insertion of adductor longus muscle

O: anterior pubic body

I: medial lip of linea aspera

 what is the action of adductor longus muscle

adduct and fles the thigh

aids in lateral rotation of the thigh

what is the nervous and arterial supply to adductor longus muscle

 NS: obturator nerve

AS: obturator artery and medial femoral circumflex artery

what is the origin and insertion of the adductor brevis muscle

O: anterior surface of the inferior pubic ramus

I: pectineal line of the pubis, medial lip of linea aspera

what is the action of adductor brevis muscle

adduct and flex the thigh

aids in lateral rotation of the thigh

what is the nervous and arterial supply to adductor brevis muscle

NS: obturator nerve

AS: obturator artery and medial femoral circumflex artery

what is the origin and insertion of the adductor magnus muscle

O: inferior aspect of the inferior pubic ramus

ischial ramus, inferolateral part of ischial tuberosity

I: gluteal tuberosity, medial lip of linea aspera and medial supracondylar line, medial supracondylar line and adductor tubercle

what is the adductor minimus muscle

the superior fibers of the adductor magnus muscle

what is the hamstring part of adductor magnus

 inferior vertical fibers of the muscle

originate on ischial tuberosity and insert on the medial lip of linea aspera and adductor tubercle

where can the hamstring part of adductor magnus muscle be palpated at

 at the medial aspect of the knee region anterior to gracilis and sartorius muscles with resisted adduction of the thigh

what is the action of adductor magnus muscle

adduction of the thigh

aid in flexion and extension of the thigh

what is the nervous and arterial supply to adductor magnus

NS: obturator nerve (except hamstring part)

tibial part of sciatic (hamstring part)

AS: medial femoral circumflex artery, perforating arteries of profunda femoris artery, obturator artery, popliteal artery

what is the function of the adductor hiatus

an opening that allows for passage of the femoral vessels to the popliteal fossa and for the popliteal vessels from the popliteal fossa

what forms the adductor hiatus

the vertical fibers of adductor magus (hamstring part) as they pass to their insertion

what is origin and insertion of gracilis muscle

O: anterior aspect of the pubic body, inferior pubic ramus, pubic symphysis

I: proximal medial shaft of the tibia

what is the action of the gracilis muscle

adduct the thigh, flex the leg, aids in medial rotation of the leg

what is the nervous and arterial supply to gracilis muscle

NS: obturator nerve

AS: medial femoral circumflex artery, obturator, profunda femoris arteries

what three muscles make up pes anserinus

semitendinosus muscle

gracilis muscle

sartorius muscle

what is the position of each insertion at pes anserinus

semiteninosus = posteroinferior insertion

sartorius = anterosuperior insertion

gracilis = central insertion

what is the bursa anserina

a complex bursa that seperates the 3 tendons that form the pes anserinus from each other and the bone

what are the branches of the femoral artery

superficial circumflex artery (lateral branch)

superficial epigastric (anterior branch)

external pudendal ( medial branch)

profunda femoris (large posterolateral branch)

descending genicular (last branch)

what are the two branches of the descending genicular artery

saphenous artery

articular artery

 when does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery

as it passes through the adductor canal

what does the superficial circumflex artery supply

skin over the ASIS and inguinal ligament

what does the superficial epigastric artery supply

skin of inferomedial abdomen

what does the external pudendal supply

skin of urogenital triangle

what are the branches of the external pudendal artery

superficial and deep

what anastomosis is the decending genicular artery a part of

genicular anastomosis because both of its branches are part of the anastomosis

what is the lateral femoral circumflex artery a branch of

profunda femoris artery

 what are the three terminal branches of the lateral femoral circumflex artery

ascending

descending

transverse

what does the ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery pass along, supply, and which anastomosis does it join

pass along = intertrochanteric line

supplies = head and neck of femur

anastomosis = trochanteric

what anastomosis does the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery join

cruciate anastomosis

what anastomosis does the decending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery join

genicular anastomosis

what is medial femoral circumflex a branch of

profunda femoris artery

what are the three branches of medial femoral circumflex artery

ascending

descending

transverse

what does the ascending branch of medial femoral circumflex artery pass along, supply, and which anastomosis does it join

 pass along = intertrochanteric crest

supplies = femoral neck and head

anastomosis = trochanteric

which anastomosis does the transverse branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery join

cruciate anastomosis

all the perforation branches of profunda femoris pierce which muscle

adductor magnus

what is the relationship of adductor brevis m. and the 4 perforating branches of profunda femoris a.

 first = passes proximal to superior border of adductor brevis

second = pierces adductor brevis

third = passes distal to inferior border of adductor brevis

fourth = just proximal to adductor hiatus

which perforating branch supplies the nutrient foramen

2nd perforating branch

what is the relationship of the obturator artery to adductor brevis

anterior branch passes along anterior aspect of muscle

posterior branch passes along posterior aspect of muscle

where does the acetabular artery come from

posterior branch of the obturator artery

where does the acetabular artery enter the hip joint at and what does it give rise to

 enters via the acetabular foramen

gives rise to artery to the ligamentum capitis femoris

what are the cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve

medial femoral cutaneous nerve L-2, L-3

intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve L-2, L-3

saphenous nerve L-3, L-4

what are the nerves that contribute to the subsartorial plexus

obturator nerve, anterior branch

medial femoral cutaneous nerve

saphenous nerve

what four nerves contribute to the patellar plexus

 medial femoral cutaneous nerve

intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve

saphenous nerve, infrapatellar branch

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

what are the borders of the femoral triangle

 superior = inguinal ligament or pouparts

lateral = medial edge of sartorius muscle

medial = medial edge of adductor longus muscle

floor = pectineus, adductor longus, iliopsoas

roof = fascia lata, includes cribiform fascia

what are the contents of the femoral triangle

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

femoral nerve

profunda femoris artery

lateral femoral circumflex artery

medial femoral circumflex artery

femoral sheath

what three structures does the femoral sheath enclose

femoral artery and vein

femoral branch of the gentiofemoral nerve

what is the function of the femoral sheath

 to allow the femoral vessels to slide past each other during flexion and extension; prevents impingment

what compartment of the femoral sheath is the femoral branch of the gentiofemoral nerve in

lateral compartment

what compartment of the femoral sheath is the femoral artery in

lateral compartment

where can the femoral pulse be palpated at

just inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

 what compartment of the femoral sheath does the femoral vein exit in

central compartment

AKA the medial compartment of the femoral sheath

femoral canal

what does the femoral canal contain

adipose tissue lymphatic vessels and a few external iliac lymph nodes

what is the function of the femoral canal

expansion of the femoral vein

 what is the femoral ring

superior opening of the femoral canal

what is the site for femoral hernias

femoral ring

 what is the femoral septum

adipose tissue that covers the opening of femoral canal

what are the contents of the muscular lacuna

 iliacus muscle

psoas major muscle

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

femoral nerve

what are the contents of the vascular lacuna

N = femoral branch of the gentiofemoral nerve

A = femoral artery lateral compartment

V= Femoral vein central compartment

E = femoral canal medial compartment

what are the borders of the femoral ring

 lateral border = septum of the femoral sheath

medial border = lacunar or gimbernats ligament

anterior border = inguinal or pouparts ligament

posterior border = pectineus muscle and pectineal ligament or coopers ligament

what are the borders of the adductor canal

posterior border = adductor longus and adductor magnum

anteromedial border = subsartorial fascia

anterolateral border = vastus medialis muscle

what are the contents of the adductor canal

saphenous nerve

descending genicular artery

femoral artery

femoral vein

how does the saphenous nerve exit the adductor canal

 pierces the subsartorial fascia inferomedially and becomes cutaneous

infrapatellar branch pierces the sartorius muscle to become cutaneous and join the patellar plexus

how does the articular branch exit the adductor canal

through the vastus medialis muscle

how does the saphenous artery exit the adductor canal

by piercing the subsartorial fascia

what are the two intermuscular septums

lateral femoral intermuscular septum

medial femoral intermuscular septum

what does the lateral femoral intermuscular septum seperate

anterior and posterior compartments

what does the medial femoral intermuscular septum seperate

anterior and medial compartments

 what are the contents of the anterior compartment

sartorius muscle

adductor canal

vastus medialis

vasuts intermedius

rectus femoris

vastus lateralis

tensor fascia lata

articularis genu

what are the contents of the posterior compartment

short head of biceps femoris

long head of biceps femoris

semitendinosus

semimembranosus

sciatic nerve

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

what are the contents of the medial compartment

gracilis muscle

adductor magnus muscle

adductor longus muscle

profunda femoris artery

adductor brevis muscle

pectineus muscle

conjoined tendon of the iliopsoas muscle

where can the popliteal pulse be palpated

at the popliteal fossa

what are the borders of the popliteal fossa

superomedial = formed by semimembranosus and semitendinosus as they pass to their insertions

superolateral = formed by biceps femoris both heads as it passes to insertion

inferomedial = formed by medial head of gastrocnemius

inferolaterl = formed by plantaris and lateral head of gastrocnemius

what forms the floor of the popliteal fossa

 popliteal surface of the femur = superior part

oblique popliteal ligament = central part

popliteus muscle and fascia = inferior part

what are forms the roof of the popliteal fossa

superficial facsia

deep (popliteal) facsia

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa

popliteal artery

popliteal vein

tibial nerve

common fibular nerve

how does the popliteal artery enter the posterior compartment of the leg

by passing through the fibrous arch of soleus muscle

how does the tibial nerve enter the posterior compartment of the leg

via the fibrous arch of soleus muscle

 what is the cutaneous branch of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa

sural nerve

what are the two cutaneous nerves of the common fibular that arise in the popliteal fossa

lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf

fibular communicating nerve/lateral sural cutaneous nerve

what are the branches of the popliteal artery

superior medial genicular artery

superior lateral genicular artery

sural arteries

middle genicular artery

inferior medial genicular artery

inferior lateral genicular artery

anterior tibial artery

posterior tibial artery

what two arteries does the superior medial genicular artery anastomose with

inferior medial genicular artery

superior lateral genicular artery

what two arteries does the superior lateral genicular artery anastomose with

inferior lateral genicular artery

superior medial genicular artery

what structures do the sural arteries supply

gastrocnemius

soleus

plantaris muscles

this artery supplies the internal structures of the posterior knee

middle genicular artery

what two arteries does the inferior medial genicular artery anastomose with

inferior lateral genicular artery

superior medial genicular artery

 what two arteries does the inferior lateral genicular artery anastomose with

superior lateral genicular artery

inferior medial genicular artery

the lateral terminal branch of the popliteal artery

anterior tibial artery

how does the anterior tibial artery pass into the anterior compartment of the leg

by passing through the superior opening in the interosseous membrane

what are the two branches of the anterior tibial artery found in the popliteal fossa

posterior tibial recurrent

anterior tibial recurrent

what does the posterior tibial recurrent anastomose with and what does it supply

anastomose = inferior lateral genicular artery

supplies = proximal tibiofibular joint

what two arteries does the anterior tibial recurrent artery anastomose with

inferior lateral and inferior medial genicular arteries

what is the terminal direct continuation of the popliteal artery

posterior tibial artery

what are the two branches of the posterior tibial artery

circumflex fibular artery

fibular artery/peroneal artery

this branch of the posterior tibial artery courses aroung the neck of the fibula

 circumflex fibular artery

what two arteries does the circumflex fibular artery anastomose with

inferior medial and lateral genicular arteries

what are the branches of the descending genicular artery

saphenous artery

articular artery 

what do the saphenous and articular arteries anastomose with

saphenous = inferior medial genicular artery

articular = superior medial genicular artery

what does the descending branch of lateral femoral cutaneous anastomose with in the genicular anastomosis

superior lateral genicular artery

what does the superior medial genicular artery anastomose with in the genicular anastomosis

 descending genicular artery

inferior medial genicular

superior lateral genicular

what does superior lateral genicular artery anastomose with in the genicular anastomosis

 descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex

inferior lateral genicular

superior medial genicular

what does the inferior medial genicular artery anastomose with in the genicular anastomosis

descending genicular artery

superior medial genicular artey

anterior tibial recurrent

circumflex fibular

posterior tibial recurrent

what does the anterior tibial recurrent artery anastomose with in the genicular anastomosis

inferior medial genicular

inferior lateral genicular

circumflex fibular

what does the circumflex fibular artery anastomose with in the genicular anastomosis

inferior medial genicular

inferior lateral genicular

anterior tibial recurrent arteries

what are the arteries involved in the genicular anastomosis

descending genicular artery via the saphenous and articular arteries

descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex

superior medial genicular

superior lateral genicular

inferior medial genicular

inferior lateral genicular

anterior tibial recurrent

posterior tibial recurrent

circumflex fibular

what is the structural classification of the knee joint

synovial bicondylar

what is the functional classification of the knee joint

functional diarthrosis

what nerves supply the knee joint

 femoral

tibial

common fibular

obturator

what innervates the infrapatellar fat pad

 anterior tibial recurrent branch

what is the knee joint capsule replaced by anteriorly

medial and lateral patellar retinaculum

(patellar tendon)

where does the medial patellar retinaculum come from

 fascia from vastus medialis

where does lateral patellar retinaculum come from

fascia from vastus lateralis

what are the extrinsic ligaments of the knee

 medial collateral ligament of the knee

obilque popliteal ligament

arcuate popliteal ligament

lateral collateral ligament of the knee

patellar ligament/patellar tendon

 what are the attachments for the medial collateral ligament of the knee

medial epicondyle of the femur

medial surface of the medial condyle and shaft of the tibia

what does the deep surface of the medial collateral ligament of the knee usually attach to

to the medial surface of the medial meniscus

where does the oblique popliteal ligament attach

extension of the semimembranosus tendon that attaches at the margins of the femoral intercondylar notch

what does the medial collateral ligament of the knee reinforce

joint capsule medially

what does the oblique popliteal ligament reinforce

the joint capsule posteriorly

where does the arcuate popliteal ligament attach

 y shaped ligament that attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the femur

posterior tibial intercondylar fossa

apex of the fibula

what does the arcuate popliteal ligament reinforce

joint capsule posteriorly

where does the lateral collateral ligament of the knee attach

 narrow round ligament

from lateral epicondyle of the femur to the apex of the fibula

what does the lateral collateral ligament of the knee reinforce

joint capsule laterally

where does the patellar tendon attach

from base of the patella

to the tibial tuberosity

what does the patellar tendon reinforce

the joint capsule anteriorly

what are the intrinsic ligaments of the knee

anterior cruciate ligament

posterior cruciate ligament

transverse ligament of the knee

posterior meniscofemoral ligament

anterior meniscofemoral ligament

what are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament

from the anterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia intermediate to the meniscal attachments to the lateral intercondylar notch of the femur

when is the ACL taut

when the knee is extended

what is the function of the ACL

prevent the femur from sliding posteriorly off the tibia

what are the attachments of the PCL

from the posterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia posterior to both meniscal attachments to medial intercondylar notch of the femur

When is the PCL taut

when knee is flexed

what is the function of the PCL

 prevents the femur from sliding of the tibia anteriorly

what are the attachments of the transverse ligament of the knee

from the anterior margin of the lateral meniscus to the anterior horn of the medial meniscus

what are the attachments of the posterior meniscofemoral ligament

from posterior edge of the lateral meniscus to the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle

what are the attachments of the anterior meniscofemoral ligament

from the posterior edge of the lateral meniscus to the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle

where do the posterior and anterior meniscofemoral ligaments run

 posterior = along the posterior aspect of the posterior cruciate ligament

anterior = anterior aspect of the posterior cructiate ligament

the menisci are

intrasynovial

intra capsular

what are the menisci

cresent shaped pads of fibrocartilage

what is the medial meniscus attached to to maintain its maintain its position

medial collateral ligament of the knee

what is the lateral meniscus attached to to maintain its position

popliteus muscle

what is the suprapatellar bursa

the synovial membrane forms this deep to the quadriceps femoris muscle

 what is the infrapatellar fold

formed by the synovial membrane from the apex of the patella to the inferior margin of the intercondylar fossa of the femur where the alar folds meet

what is the infrapatellar fat pad

adipose tissue which seperates the synovium from the patellar tendon

where does synovium line the infrapatellar fat pad at

on the posterior side

what are the alar folds

formed by the synovium as it lines the infrapatellar fat pad and passes from the patella to the menisci and tibia

what are the bursae of the knee

 suprapatellar bursa

prepatellar bursa

subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

deep infrapatellar bursa

anserine bursa

semimembranosus bursa

popliteus bursa

gastrocnemius bursa

where is the suprapatellar bursa

seperates quadriceps femoris tendon from the femur

where is the prepatellar bursa

seperates the skin from the patella

where is the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

seperates skin from the patellar tendon and from the tibial tuberosity

where is the deep infrapatellar bursa

seperates patellar tendon from the tibia

 where is the arsine bursa

between the MCL and pes anserinus

also around individual tendons of pes anserinus

where is the semimembranosus bursa

between semimembranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle at the area of the medial condyle of the femur

where is the popliteus bursa

 between the popliteus tendon and the lateral condyle of the tibia

where is the gastrocnemius bursa

between medial head of gastroc and the knee joint