-When economy slows down over 2 consecutive quarters

-Decrease in:

-gross domestic product (gdp)

-employment

-spending

-incomes

-Housing bubble burst

-Subprime lending (take out loans without $)

-Predatory lending (unfair loan to borrower)

-Forclosure

-Unemployment

-Productivity

-Unemployment

-Inadequate safety net

Responding to financial crisis/recession:

Economic stimulus act of 2008

offer tax rebates/incentives to spend and put back into economy

Responding to financial crisis/recession:

Emergency economic stabilization act of 2008

(bailout) bail out big banks and auto companies

Responding to financial crisis/recession:

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009

-(ARRA a.k.a. stimulus bill)

-$ to invest back into america, help people get jobs, money to federal programs to invest in public assistance

-Instituted to keep women out of work force

-Gov't taking responsibility for the well-being of poor

-Focus on moral reform

-Low benefits

ADC

(Aid to Dependent Children)

-Created in 1935 under The New Deal

-Many families were struggling during this time

-Rising costs

-More people on ADC

-Punitive policies enforced

-Sentiment hostile

-Recession (increased compassion for women and children)

-Stats and reports on poverty available

-Civil rights movement

-Kennedy focuses on poor, makes it AFDC

-Costs are rising

-Extending benefits to 18-21 yr olds

-2 parent families eligible

-Working women eligible

-AFDC providing disincentive to work?

-Under Reagan administration continuing through Bush (Sr.) administration

-Encourage less reliance on gov't

-Aid to cut social welfare programs

-States experiment on how to cut costs/control welfare

-Bridefare=if married, more benefits

-Family caps (if you have child while on welfare, $ is cut)

-puts children at risk

PRWORA

(Personal Responsibility & Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act)

-1996 Clinton reforms welfare, end welfare

-Move families from welfare to work

-created TANF

TANF

(Temporary Assistance to Needy Families)

welfare reform

-Promote marriage/2 person families

-State block grant

-60 month time limit on benefits

-Work requirement after 2 yrs of recieve benefits

-Child support enforcement

-Childcare subsidies

-Family cap

-Promote marriage and strong families

-State accountability (state keeps track of families and $)

-There was a reduction in amt of ppl on welfare...but...NO

-Recipients work in low wage jobs, high turnover

-Few have climbed above poverty line

-Few women could afford to move into better neighborhood

-1/6 still visit food banks

-1/5 still live with roaches

-Show little or no improvements to foster child developement

-Reauthorization in 2006

-TANF block grant reauthorized thru 2010

-states must meet 50%(90% for 2 parent families) work participation for families to 

maintain funding

-Marriage promotion expanded

-Definition of work related activities narrows

(no longer includes higher edu, time on

hw, or vocational education training)

Welfare reform 10 years later...

reauthorization in '06

-State focuses on provide SERVICES not $

-Many poor families do not get TANF assistance

-Employment rates are falling and there is an increasing number of disconnected families

-Families leaving TANF face challenges to their well-being

-Families have less access to health care

-Childcare assistance is CRUCIAL to help families move from welfare to work

-Contact: how often do members have contact

-Affinity: bond you share with members

-Assistance: Time spent, amt of contact/help

• 16% are multigenerational families
• # is increasing
• However since 1940s # has been cut in 1/2

-social security, dont have to rely on children so they live on own

-ppl older when they get married

-currently increasing bc of economy-cant afford to live on own

-Approx. 6.6 million children live w/ gparent in '08

-2.5 million gparents responsible for basic needs of gkids

-1.3 million children who receive kinship care live in poverty

Types of care:

Foster care

-care for by relative but state does have power (to remove child)

Types of care:

legal guardianship

power of attorney (make specific decisions regarding child)

Type of care:

legal custody

-Granted by court

-Not just written agreement

-Responsible for child's basic needs

-Not permanent, doesn't separate from parent

-financial responsibility

Type of care:

adoption

-you become child's parent

-real parent has no power

**if not legal can cause problems in schools, hospitals

-60% will fall into poverty

-May be retired/on fixed income

-Big generation gap--may not be able to relate to child

-You're older now--health issues

-Cant hang out with ppl your own age

-Puts strain on grandparents relationships

-Lower incomes than non-custodial omes and more prevalent

-care for multiple gkids

-longer than 6 months

-black gparents more likely to have responsibility for childcare

-tend to be female, live in south, married, younger

-56% have jobs

19% incomes below poverty

-lower levels of edu

-Abuse of child

-death of parents

-teen pregnancy

-drug abuse

-second chance at parenting

-feel needed and productive

-Cash assistance

-TANF (child grants)

-social security

-Food and home energy

-food stamps

-WIC

-LIHEAP

Health

-medicaid - low income kids

-medicare - older americans and young ppl with 

dissabilities

-CHIP (children's health insurance program)

Educational groups

-parenting skills

Support groups

-coping, transitioning, maintaining new roles

-Fertility

-2 births per woman

-Mortality

-leading causes of death are chronic illnesses (heart 

disease, stroke, cancer)

-Morbidity (diseased conditioned state)

-illness vs. disease

-Average life expectancies

-80.1 yrs for woman, 74.8 yrs for men

-there is a 20 year gap between most and least disadvantaged groups

-social class is determinant of health and life expectancy

Factors

(of health)

-standard of living

-work conditions

-housing conditions

-social and psychological connections with others

*Unhealthy relationship between illness and poverty

-type of work (dangerous)

-poor neighborhoods

-risk of injury

-less time for healthy activities

-life stressors impact behaviors

-health care access (lack of...)

-Health care spending is rising

-in 2005 it was $2trillion

-US has most expensive health care but compared to other countries we underperform on health performance

-ranked last in terms of access and equity

-60% of Americans receive their health insurance from their employer

-Employers not required to produce health insurance

-Medicaid (means tested)

-SCHIP (for children)

-Medicare (for over 65)

-47 million families = uninsured

-8.3 million children under 18 uninsured

-4/5 who are w/o insurance were employed 

-Working poor = 2x more likely as poor w/o jobs to be uninsured

-only 41% of workers earning less than $10/hr have employer sponsered health insurance

-no regular access=

-at risk for being sick more

-have poorer health

-more chronic illness

-95% of US residents under 65 will be covered (by 2014)

-Everyone have access to healthcare

-Employers not required to provide insurance but pay fee if they dont

-Insurance companies can't deny coverage based on pre-existing conditions

-Subsidies based on sliding scale based on income

-New taxes on high value insurance

-$940 billion

-Health care plans can choose to cover (abortion, states can bar this)

-Medicaid expanded to cover everyone who earns up to 133% of fed. poverty level

-medicare changes

-attachment (with caregivers)

-self regulation

-develop positive self perception

-religion, organizations in community

-friends

1. reduce risk factors

2. increase resources/assest

3. mobilizing protective factors

Food Stamps: SNAP

(supplemental nutrition assistance program)

-1960- to increase food purchasing power of low income house

-to qualify:

-gross income standard (below 130% of fed. poverty guidlines)

-net income standard (100% below fed pov guidlines)

-31 million ppl

-most have children, elderly, or disabled in house

-many have working adult and dont get cash welfare benefits

-foods and cereals

-fruits/veggies

-meats, fish, poultry

-dairy

-seeds, plants, produce for household

*CANT: alcohol, cigs, pet food, soap, paper products, house supplies, vitamins, hot foods

-intended to be temporary

-thrifty food plan based on spending 40 yrs ago

-cant buy nutritious foods

-Promotes school readiness by enhancing social/cognitive dev. of children thru providing edu, health, nutritional, social, and other services to enrolled children and families

-orig. 8 week summer program

-Head start services expanded

-training and technical services

-emphasize creating partnerships

-family literacy

-professional development

-early head start (age 0-3)

-Research support

-high quality programs improve child dev

-help parents be better CG

-help them meet goals (economic independence)

-525 early head start programs

-39800 infants, toddlers, pregnant women

EITC

(earned income tax credit)

-Federal tax program that provides subsidies for low wage workers

-Receive income supplement (tax refund)

-Working families with children

-income below 35,000-48,000

-Poor workers without children

-AVG EITC = $2, 375, in lump sun

-Use for basic needs, repair homes, vehicles, edu

-Must work to receive

-Work incentive

-Reduced child poverty by 2.4 million in '96

EITC vs. TANF

EITC:

-tax refund

-pays nothing if you dont work

-for every dollar earned, EITC provides abt 30 cents

-work incentive

TANF:

-cash grant

-at its max when person isnt working

-declines as earnings increase

-work disincentive

-49% filed for EITC

-usually younger, were women than non EITC tax filers

-less educated

-lived in poorer families

-worked less

-its a well targeted program but outreach may be 

needed to assist those who are eligible but dont file

-Not keeping pace with cost of living

-Financial relief once a year

-Complicated process with tax laws, forms

**HAS moved many families out of poverty

-Globally signed document about rights of child

-education

-US played key role in drafting document

-Somalia and US are 2 countries who have yet to ratify treaty

1. Contributes to mental/behavioral disorders

2. 1st step to solution

3. Information to victims

4. Results in substantial state costs

5. Improves quality of legal decisions

6. Prevention programming

7. 13% of all violence may be traced to earlier child maltreatment

Long term economic burden:

-mental health services

-healthcare

-foster care

-adult criminal justice system

-juvenile delinquency

-total direct cost: 33 billion

-indirect cost: special edu, 103 billion

-Nat'l Level

-welfare reform

-EITC

-head start

-Community level

-neighborhood associations

-community organizations

-finances may be an issue

-Sense of community

-a sense of sharing an emotional bond w/ others in your

community

-Citizen participation

-process by which ppl take part in the decision making 

in their institutions, programs, and environments that 

affects them

-Empowerment

-process by which ppl, organizations, and 

communities gain mastery over their affairs

4 Approaches to Community Change:

Social Action

-reach out to others, rally support

-contact others in positions of power, esp. gov't

-networking

-has to be something striking, get ppl interested

-draw attn to something if you want it to change

4 approaches to community change:

Community Development

-strengthen relationships of people in community

-tell them whats going on

-get them involved

4 approaches to community change:

consciousness raising

-social networking: websites, internet

-tea party group

-all over news

-not as dramatic as social action

-policy and advocating

2 types of programs in US:

social insurance, public assistance

-Social insurance: medicare, social security

-Public assistance: TANF, food stamps, EITC

-Other nations have coordinated set of proactive and universal economic and social programs to help all families

-Paid for by progressive taxation (earn more, pay more tax)

-Top down - gov't does for families

-Assist families with:

-family allowance

-cost of raising children

-early childhood benefits, services

-tax benefits

Cash allowance for families w/ children

-size of allowance varies across countries

-uniform rate (spain, austria, norway)

-increase with size of fam (Italy, france, germany)

-higher for 1st child, less for later kids (UK)

-higher benefits for older children (netherlands)

-Redistribute income (heavier financial burden)

-Supplement incomes of poor families (prevent poverty)

-Strengthen labor force attachment

-Increase feelings of cohesion among ppl

-Parents spend approx. 10,000-20,000 on childcare/yr

-how to pay for childcare in US

-child & dependent care tax credit

-$5,000 pretax dollars (employer benefit)

-Early edu and care as a right

-Gov't cover the cost of childcare

-Sliding scale for low income families

-Set of qualifications for teacher (at least three yrs of university/higher edu)

-Poverty exists in US

-38 million ppl live in poverty

-47 million w/o health insurance

-10% unemployment rate

-Value placed on work outside home

-mother's pensions

-AFDC

-TANF

-changes in policy reflect changes in public attitudes