Term
| Which type of fatty acid would be more abundant in the membranes of plants and microbes in cold environments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of fatty acid would offer the greatest benefit for membranes of plants and microbes in the coldest habitats on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of molecules pass through the lipid portion of a cell membrane most easily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following go through the lipid bilayer unaided? |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide, CO2 and oxygen, O2 |
|
|
Term
| When the glucose concentration is lower in the gut than in the intestinal cells, glucose moves into the cells... |
|
Definition
| via Na+-glucose cotransport fueled by the Na+/K+ pump |
|
|
Term
| When the glucose concentration after a meal is higher in the gut than in the intestinal cells, glucose moves into the cells |
|
Definition
| through a glucose channel |
|
|
Term
| A function of cholesterol that does not have the potential to harm health is |
|
Definition
| as a component of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by which of the following? |
|
Definition
| an inefficient version of the LDL receptor on the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
Which hormones can pass through membrane
lipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the hormones below can enter a target cell without the aid of a membrane-spanning transport protein and thus activate gene regulatory proteins directly? |
|
Definition
| estrogen and testosterone, omega-3 and omega-6 prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is CORRECT about diffusion? |
|
Definition
| It is a passive process in which molecules move from higher to lower concentration. |
|
|
Term
| Which component(s) of animal membranes acts as a temperature buffer, increasing fluidity at low temperature and decreasing fluidity at high temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In warm climates, plants have relatively more ______________ than ________________ fatty acids compared to plants from cold climates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To allow passage of water molecules across biological membranes, the outer regions of the aquaporin protein in contact with the membrane have to be __________ and the channel inside the protein has to be __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature of eukaryotic cells is found in greater abundance in the secretory cells of the large tear gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of fatty acid would be more abundant in the membrane phospholipids of plants and microbes from hot environments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP consists of three phosphate groups, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.What does that sound like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When ATP releases energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate (Pi). What purpose does this Pi serve (if any) in the cell? |
|
Definition
| It is typically added to other molecules in order to activate them. |
|
|
Term
| Name four molecule with the same structural components. |
|
Definition
| ATP, NADH,nucleotides and DNA. Steroids are NOT the same. |
|
|
Term
(When oxygen is present, NADH is cashed in for lots of ATP in mitochondria and is reconverted to NAD+…)
Without oxygen, the NADH cannot be used in mitochondria and will accumulate. If the reaction stopped at pyruvate, |
|
Definition
| glycolysis would stop because the cell would run out of NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| Why are electron transport and proton transport said to be ‘coupled’? |
|
Definition
| Because electron transport is coupled with the movement of protons against their concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| In the model of the hydroelectric dam, water stands for ________, the turbine stands for ________, and the lit-up light bulb stands for _________. |
|
Definition
| The protons (H+), the ATP synthase, the ATP produced |
|
|
Term
| Why are proton movement and ATP formation in mitochondria said to be ‘coupled’? |
|
Definition
| because protons moving through the ATP synthase along their concentration gradient drive ATP formation |
|
|
Term
| Cells use the energy of energy-rich food molecules to form ATP. What represents a state of high energy? |
|
Definition
| the C-H bonds in food molecules,the H (electrons and H+) loaded onto NADH, the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane,the ATP formed |
|
|
Term
| Humans generate much more heat than alligators. What is this due to? |
|
Definition
| A greater number of energy transformations per minute in humans and A higher percentage of energy loss per transformation in humans |
|
|
Term
| What would be the result of uncoupling? |
|
Definition
| No proton gradient is produced. No ATP is produced by the ATP synthase. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport continue to run, and the energy is released as heat |
|
|
Term
| A diet pill that promises to burn fat without the need to exercise (and acts on mitochondrial respiration) is likely to |
|
Definition
| act as an uncoupler, allowing protons (H+) to leave the intermembrane space without going through the ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
| What would be the result of blocking electron transport by cyanide or carbon monoxide? |
|
Definition
No ATP is produced by the ATP synthase.
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport continue to run, and the energy is released as heat. |
|
|
Term
| Which metabolic process is most closely associated with membranes? |
|
Definition
| ATP generation in mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? |
|
Definition
| the mitochondrial part of cellular respiration (citric acid cycle, electron transport, and ATP synthase) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements describes NAD+? |
|
Definition
| NAD+ is converted to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Molecules that can potentially be converted to intermediates of glycolysis and/or the citric acid cycle include.... |
|
Definition
| amino acids and proteins, glycerol and fatty acids,glucose and sucrose, starch and glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Cells release the energy of energy-rich food molecules. Which steps represents a change from one form of energy to another? |
|
Definition
| use of energy-rich electrons to build up a proton gradient. use of the proton gradient to drive ATP formation. use of an uncoupling protein for thermogenesis. |
|
|
Term
| Fill in the blanks: In photosynthesis, the light reactions provide _____________ to the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle returns ____________ to the light reactions. |
|
Definition
| ATP and NADPH; ADP, Pi, and NADP+ |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is the ultimate source of the electrons used to produce NADPH and then used to produce high energy C-H bonds in sugars from the low energy bonds in CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in chloroplasts is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced by light collecting and electron transport reactions in photosynthesis and are utilized in the Calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants grown in the shade typically have ____ chlorophyll levels and _____ Calvin cycle enzyme levels compared to plants grown in the sun. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do both mitochondria and chloroplasts produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in mitochondria is ________ and in chloroplasts is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron donor that directly feeds electrons into the electron transport chain (ETC) is ______ in mitochondria and ________ in chloroplasts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process in eukaryotic cells is NOT affected by whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? |
|
Definition
| photosynthetic electron transport |
|
|
Term
| The ATP synthase in mitochondria and chloroplasts __________ a proton (H+) gradient, and the ATP-fueled H+ pump on the outer cell membrane __________ an H+ gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proton (H+) transport against the concentration gradient can be fueled by each of the energy sources below EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proton (H+) transport against the concentration gradient can be fueled by what energy sources? |
|
Definition
| NADPH,NADH, ATP, and electron transport. |
|
|
Term
| What does NOT require a direct association with membranes? |
|
Definition
| adding electrons and H+ to, or removing them from from, carbon-based molecules |
|
|
Term
| Which does not take place in the cytosol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While __________ are generated by mitochondria, ________ are generated by chloroplasts. |
|
Definition
| water and carbon dioxide; glucose and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following do not have an antioxidant function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diseases or conditions has a diet low in antioxidants has been linked to? |
|
Definition
| cancer,heart disease, infertility |
|
|
Term
| Which process does NOT lead to the formation of potentially harmful reactive oxygen in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which processes lead to the formation of potentially harmful reactive oxygen in the human body? |
|
Definition
| the breakdown of alcohol, mitochondrial respiration, the immune response, andexposure to asbestos or silica dust |
|
|
Term
| Cell division is overstimulated by a ________________ glycemic load (GL), _________________ antioxidants, and a __________________ omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a result of photosynthesis, plants release ________ into the atmosphere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following essentials is NOT made by plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Basic structure of biological membranes? |
|
Definition
| Phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions |
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic functions of biological membranes? |
|
Definition
1. Regulate movement of substances in and out of cells or organelles
ex. Uptake of food molecules from gut into your cells
2.Allow maintenance of stable internal environment within cells. Separate inside space into specialized regions, organelles, for incompatible functions. |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect membrane fluidity in various organisms? |
|
Definition
| Fluidity varies with temperature. Unsaturated fats make membrane more fluid. Cold environments have more unsaturated fats.Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails have more kinks. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of cholesterol in animal membranes? |
|
Definition
1.Prevents hydrophobic chains from packing to closely together : increases fluidity at low temperatures (unsaturated)
2.But limits phospholipid movement at high temperatures; acts as a temperature buffer (saturated) |
|
|
Term
| How do hydrophobic molecules pass through membranes? |
|
Definition
| They cannot slip through the hydrophobic core of membrane and require the help of proteins that span the entire membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of molecules that can go through the lipid bilayer unaided? |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are example of hydrophobic R groups? |
|
Definition
| valine*,glycine, alanine, leucine, idoleucine, methonine, phenylalnine, tryptophan, proline |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of hydrophilic Polar R groups? |
|
Definition
| serine, threonine, crysteing, tyrosine, aspargine, glutamine |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of hydrophilic electrically charded R groups? |
|
Definition
| glutamic acid, aspartic acid, , lysine, arginine, histidine |
|
|
Term
| When are membrane proteins needed? |
|
Definition
| For movement of polar, hydrophilic substances |
|
|
Term
| When are membrane proteins NOT needed? |
|
Definition
| Protein is NOT needed for movement in non-polar, hydrophobic substances |
|
|
Term
| When is ATP energy needed to fuel transport? |
|
Definition
| ATP IS need when substances are moved from low to high concentration/ uphill against their concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| When is ATP energy NOT needed to fuel transport? |
|
Definition
| ATP energy is NOT needed when substances move from high to low concentration/down their concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| When are transport proteins needed? |
|
Definition
| For Ions, such as hydrogen ions, and hydrophilic molecules, such as water and glucose, to pass through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic feature of all transport proteins in the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| They exhibit specificity for a particular type of molecule. They participate in facilitated diffusion. Many of these proteins are regulated & open and close as needed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ATP fueled ion pump. Active transport
Both NA+ (sodium) and K+ are moved against their concentration gradient. The NA+ Gradient built up by the NA+/K+ Pump can also fuel the transport of other substances, like GLUCOSE, against their concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| What factors effect LDL levels and the LDL receptor? |
|
Definition
Genetic: Familial hypercholesterolemia: Genetic predisposition for high cholesterol levels in the blood stream
Caused by inefficient version of the receptor for removal or cholesterol (LDL) from blood stream
Dietary: Dietary saturated fats and transfats down regulate gene expression of the LDL receptor gene. So less LDL receptor protein is available in cell membrane to remove LDL from blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is Receptor mediated endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol is removed from arteries when the LDL protein binds to a receptor in the membrane and is removed from the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| How is cholesterol transported in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| via LDL (low density lipoprotein). Vesicles are utilized to move whole proteins, LDLs |
|
|
Term
| How do protein hormones (water soluable) relay messages? |
|
Definition
| relay messages via signal transduction pathway to a gene regulatory protein. Deliver their message to a receptor in the outer cell membrane of the target cell. |
|
|
Term
| How do steroid hormones(lipid-soluable) relay messages? |
|
Definition
| hormones move into nucleus and bind directly to the gene regulatory protein |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal difference in signal transduction of a protein hormone versus a steroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| Protein hormones use signal transduction pathway, and steroid move into nucleus and bind directly. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of aquaporins? |
|
Definition
| Transport proteins allowing movement of (polar) water across (hydrophobic) lipid membranes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of auqaporins? |
|
Definition
| water channels across membranes; membrane-spanning proteins. Many are regulated and open and close as needed. |
|
|
Term
| How are aquaporins involved in the human kidney? |
|
Definition
| 7 different aquaporins (AQPs) in different regions. Individuals with defective aquaporin-2 cannot concentrate urine sufficiently; must drink about 20 liters / day to avoid dehydration. Accumulation of aquaporin-2 during pregnancy can cause water retention. |
|
|
Term
| How are auqoporins involved in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Important for lung hydration - 4 different aquaporins. Pulmonary secretions. |
|
|
Term
| How are auaporins involved in eyes? |
|
Definition
| Generation of tears. Dry eye & other eye problems can involve aquaporin malfunction. |
|
|
Term
| How are aquaporins involved in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| Regulation of saliva output: more when eating - or at thought of eating! Dry mouth results from defect in aquaporin gene expression |
|
|
Term
| How are aquaporins involved in skin? |
|
Definition
| Aquaporins needed to increase sweating (to maintain body temperature in response to increased heat load) |
|
|
Term
| How are aquaporins involved in skin? |
|
Definition
| Aquaporins needed to increase sweating (to maintain body temperature in response to increased heat load) |
|
|
Term
| Who are producers and consumers? |
|
Definition
Producers: plants and other photosynthetic organisms
Consumers:animals |
|
|
Term
| What is the way in which carbon flows between producers and consumers? |
|
Definition
| Energy flow in eco systems: Light energy→ photosynthesis(producers) in chloroplasts→ organic molecules + O2 → cellular respiration(consumers) in mitochondria (produces ATP) → CO2 + H2O |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ATP? |
|
Definition
| Provides energy for all cellular work. |
|
|
Term
| What are the structural features of ATP? |
|
Definition
| Three phosphate groups, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed with energy from breakdown of energy rich food molecules. ADP+ P form ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of cellular work that ATP does? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical work, transport work, and chemical work. |
|
|
Term
| How is mechanical work done in cells? |
|
Definition
| High energy P is transferred to motor proteins. ATP transfers phosphate group to motor protein |
|
|
Term
| How is transport work done in cells? |
|
Definition
| High- Energy P transferred to transport protein. Ex. NA+/K+ pump |
|
|
Term
| How is chemical work done in cells? |
|
Definition
High-Energy P transferred to reactant molecules.
Ex. ATP adds phosphate group to glutamic acid making it less stable
Ammonia displaces phosphate group, forming the amino acid glutamine |
|
|
Term
| What is glycolysis(aerobic cellular respiration): |
|
Definition
| First part of cellular respiration, takes place outside mitochondria in the cytostol. Glycolysis is a series of steps in which a glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. As the chemical bonds in glucose are broken, electrons (and hydrogen ions) are picked up by NAD+, forming NADH. Glucose is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced. Has a net output of 2 ATP. |
|
|
Term
| What is the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
| Takes place in mitochondria. Releases carbon dioxide. Two ATPs are formed. Glucose is oxidized. Energy released by oxidation of glucose is carried by NADH. |
|
|
Term
| What is Oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| Takes place in mitochondria. The NADH and FADH2 molecules produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle donate their electrons to the electron transport chain.At the end of the chain, OXYGEN exerts a strong pull on the electrons, and combines with them and hydrogen ions (protons) to form water. Produces the most ATPs (34) |
|
|
Term
| What does oxygen have to do with energy yield in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
Only when oxygen present, can glucose
be broken down completely in mitochondria for high energy yield |
|
|
Term
| What is glycolysis and fermentation (Anaerobic conditions): ? |
|
Definition
| Takes place when there is NO oxygen. and produces Alcoholic fermentation(ethanol) or lactic fermentation (lactate) |
|
|
Term
| What is alcoholic fermentation? |
|
Definition
| Produces CO2 and ethanol by yeasts and bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| What is lactic acid fermentation? |
|
Definition
| Takes place in muscle cells and other fungi and bacteria. Lactic acid is formed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the practical use for alcoholic fermentation? |
|
Definition
| Yeasts for beer & wine & for bread leavening |
|
|
Term
| What is the practical use for lactic acid fermentation? |
|
Definition
| lactic acid bacteria for fermented products from milk or for other foods |
|
|
Term
| What are Fast-twitch glycolitic fibers? |
|
Definition
| Use Fermentation. Use for sprint, use glycolysis- QUICK, but does NOT provide much energy. Main energy store for fast twitch fiber is GLYCOGEN. |
|
|
Term
| What are Slow-twitch oxidative fibers? |
|
Definition
| Use Aerobic respiration. Used for extended exercise/many mitochondria. Use oxidative respiration- SLOWER but yields MUCH more energy. FAT main energy store. |
|
|
Term
| What classes of macromolecules can be used as fuels in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins. |
|
|
Term
| How are carbohydrates used as fuel in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| From glycogen, provide quick energy store, for sprint. |
|
|
Term
| How are fats used as fuel in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| provide sustained energy for extended exercise |
|
|
Term
| How are proteins used as fuel in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| Proteins used for energy only during starvation periods. |
|
|
Term
| How is energy transferred in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| food molecules to → energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) and then→ into the electron transport chain, by transfer of H (electrons and H+)Energy of C-H bonds transferred to NADH & FADH2 and then into electron transport to make ATP |
|
|
Term
| Explain the role of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. |
|
Definition
| Oxygen is the final electron acceptor- accepts electrons at the end of electron transport chain. O2 + electrons and H+ = water. oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
| How do mitochondria generate heat? |
|
Definition
mitochondrial uncoupling protein provides channel across membrane through which protons (H+) flow back downhill without making ATP, releasing all energy as heat
Brown fat cells have many mitochondria and use uncoupling protein to uncouple electron transport from ATP formation to generate only heat and no ATP |
|
|
Term
| What do producers provide for consumers? |
|
Definition
| producers provide organic molecules and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are light collecting reactions in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Light reactions occur in Thylakoids inner membranes. – solar energy used to strip electrons from water, energize electrons, make ATP & load energized electrons onto NADPH. Produces Oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Occurs in the Stroma. Converts CO2 to sugars. Uses energy from ATP and NADPH. Returns ADP, P, and NADP to light reaction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of oxygen produced in photosynthesis and why is water split? |
|
Definition
| Chlorophylls absorb light energy & pass it on to special chlorophyll that gives up an electron.Special chlorophyll gets electron back from water molecule, leaving behind H+ and O2. |
|
|
Term
| How is ATP formed in chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
| light is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules, exciting their electrons. The energy of excited electrons is then used to join ADP and phosphate to form ATP. |
|
|
Term
| How do chloroyphyll levels and Calvin cycle enzyme change in response to growth of plants in sun or shade? |
|
Definition
Plants in the sun have lower chlorophyll levels and higher Calvin cycle enzymes
Plants in the shade have higher chlorophyll levels and lower Calvin cycle enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of C3 plants? |
|
Definition
C3 plants need less energy since they don’t run two cycles
Advantage in less sunny, moist, cool climates. Typically more cold-tolerant. |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of C4 plants? |
|
Definition
PEP carboxylase more efficient than RuBP carboxylase:
C4 plants can fix CO2 with stomates less widely open
need less water & less nitrogen fertilizer
Advantage in hot, dry, sunny climates & under nutrient limitation |
|
|
Term
| What are the important features of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
1.Location of ATP synthase: the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane
2.Location of electron transport: in the thylakoid membranes and in the inner membranes of mitochondria
3.Carbon source: CO2
4.Carbon Product: sugars (C-H) bonds
5.H (electron + H+) source: H20 Water
6.Ultimate energy source: sunlight
7.Final energy-rich product: Sugar (C-H bond) |
|
|
Term
| What are the important features of respiration? |
|
Definition
1.Location of ATP synthase: Inner membrane of mithchonidra
2.Location of electron transport: in the thylakoid membranes and in the inner membranes of mitochondria
3.Carbon source: Glucose, organic molecule with C-H bonds
4.Carbon product: CO2
5.H (electron + H+) source: C-H bonds (sugar)
6.Ultimate energy source: Sugar, C-H bonds
7.Final energy rich product: ATP |
|
|
Term
| In what processes in the human body is reactive oxygen formed? |
|
Definition
O2 can also snatch up just 1 electron, thus forming “reactive oxygen”
The human body forms reactive oxygen with ‘every breath we take’: as much 5-10% of electron transport in mitochondrial respiration leads to formation of reactive oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What are the positive effects of reactive oxygen in the human body? |
|
Definition
Small amounts of reactive oxygen play a critical role in signaling,
Ex. for up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes as well as for cell division & immune response |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative effects of reactive oxygen in the human body? |
|
Definition
Excessive amounts of reactive oxygen trigger chronic disease!
Ex. Tissue damage / cancer / chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of environmental oxidants? |
|
Definition
1.smoking*
2.excess UV radiation*
3.ionizing radiation
4.heavy metals*
5.asbestos*
6.silca dust
7.detoxification of alcohol* and all legal and illegal drugs* form reactive oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are the five main classes of dietary antioxidants? |
|
Definition
1.Antioxidant minerals
2. Antioxidant Vitamins C and E
3 Aromatic, ‘smell good’ spices etc.
4.‘Stinky’ onions etc. (with sulfur)
5. Colorful foods (yellow, orange, red,purple; carotenoids & anthocyanins) |
|
|
Term
| How did plants production of oxygen contribute to evolution? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis is the source of O2 on our planet. Without this O2, multi-celled organisms (that depend on aerobic respiration) would not have arisen, and life would be restricted to single-celled bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| How did plants production of ozone contribute to evolution? |
|
Definition
| Without O2 in the atmosphere, the ozone (O3) layer would not have formed. O3 shields against the most intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which contributed to allowing evolution of life into the terrestrial environment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of plants as CO2 sinks? |
|
Definition
Plants are a sink for CO2. Very important with regard to global warming concerns.
Atmospheric CO2 levels show annual winter increase and summer decrease due to changes in photosynthetic activity |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of plants as model organisms? |
|
Definition
| Plants serve as important model organisms for research and as sources of genetic information. Many basic processes can be studied in plants rather than, or in addition to, animals. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main things plants provide? |
|
Definition
| Food, fuels, materials, medicines and habitat. |
|
|
Term
| What does the food that plants provide provide for animals? |
|
Definition
| Energy, body’s own building blocks, gene regulators, protective antioxidants |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of plants as a source of materials? |
|
Definition
Cell walls provide structural support for the plant and also provide fibers and building materials for humans, insects, birds, and many other organisms
Examples for materials used by humans include wood for houses, furniture, etc., cellulose for paper, and cotton and other fibers for clothing. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of plants as a source of fuel and energy? |
|
Definition
| Wood and peat from living plants. Coal, oil, and natural gas from plants/algae altered over time. Ethanol and biodiesel from living plants. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of medicines plants provide? |
|
Definition
| Aspirin from willow trees. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of plants providing habitats? |
|
Definition
1.Plants are important in the generation of rich soil (organic matter) and in the anchoring of soil.
2.Plants are important as a buffer against the ravages of wind & water.
3.Plants: important for shading & evaporative cooling Important on a global scale (desertification when vegetation is lost), and for human environments (shading of houses, shading & evaporative cooling of outdoor spaces).
4.Plants: important component of water cycle |
|
|
Term
| What does NOT require a direct association with membranes? |
|
Definition
| adding or removing electrons and H+ to/from carbon-based molecules |
|
|
Term
| How do cyanide and carbon monoxide interfere with mitochondrial respiration? |
|
Definition
| They bind to the last protein complex of the electron transport chain, preventing oxygen from accepting electrons from this complex. |
|
|
Term
| What process is ATP NOT involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proton transport against the concentration gradient CANNOT be fueled by what energy source? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which component of the human diet is NOT a source of potent antioxidants? |
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Definition
| The essential omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids |
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Term
| In chloroplasts, protons are moved by electron transport from |
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Definition
| the stroma to the inner thylakoid space. |
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Term
| What principle is NOT involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| using organic molecules as the energy source |
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Term
| Which process in eukaryotic cells is NOT affected by whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? |
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Definition
| photosynthetic electron transport |
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Term
| Mitochondrial electron transport moves protons from |
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Definition
| the matrix to the intermembrane space. |
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Term
| Which is NOT an INput for the light reactions of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fill in the blanks: _______ occurs in the cytosol, _______ occurs in the thylakoid membranes, and _______ occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. |
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Definition
| Fermentation; electron transport; removal of electrons and H+ from C-H bonds |
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