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a limited number of options is given when in fact more exist.
“either you’re for me or against me” |
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assumes that since something has not been proven false, it must be true.
“Since you cant prove ghosts don’t exist, they must exist” |
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| to show something is unacceptable, a sequence of increasingly unacceptable events is shown |
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two unrelated points are combined and treated as one proposition.
“Do you support freedom and the right to bear arms?” |
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loaded or emotive terms are used to attach moral goodness or value to believing the proposition.
“A reasonable person would agree that we need worldwide healthcare.” |
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something is considered true because a majority of people believe it.
“everyone knows that the earth is flat, so why do you say otherwise?” |
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the person presenting the argument is attacked rather than the argument itself.
3 TYPES OF ABUSE: ABUSIVE, CIRCUMSTANTIAL, TU QUOQUE
“you say I shouldn’t drink, but you haven’t been sober for more than a year. |
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an inappropriate appeal or referral to an authoritative figure
“Noted psychologist Dr. Frasier Crane recommends you buy this hot tub.” |
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the authority in question is not named.
“Experts agree that this brand of clothing is the best” |
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the manner in which the argument is presented is taken to affect the likelihood that the conclusion is true.
“Trudeau knows how to move a crowd. He must be right.” |
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the size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion
“an Australian stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.” |
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an analogy fails when two objects are different in a way that affects whether they both contain the property they were said to have.
“employees are like nails. Just like nails must be hit on the head in order to make them work, so must employees.” |
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a general rule is applied when it seems that an exception to the rule should apply.
“the law says don’t go over the speed limit. So, even though your dad couldn’t breathe, you should not have gone over the speed limit.” |
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an exception to a generalization is applied to cases where the generalization should apply.
“because we allow terminally ill patients to use heroin, everyone should be allowed.” |
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occurs when it is assumed that because one thing follows another, the later thing occurred because of the former.
“I took this cold medicine, and two days later my cold disappeared.” |
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one thing is held to cause another when in fact both are caused by one underlying cause.
“you have a fever and this is causing you to break out in spots.” (both are actually caused by the measles.” |
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The relation between cause and effect is reversed.
“cancer causes smoking.” |
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take for granted or assume the truth of the very thing being questioned.
“since I’m not lying, it follows that I’m telling the truth.” |
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the same word is used with two different meanings.
“the sign said “fine for parking here” and since it was fine, I parked there.” |
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occurs when the construction of a sentence allows it to have two different meanings.
“last night I shot a burglar in my pajamas.” Lol |
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Emphasis is used to suggest a different meaning from the actual content of the proposition.
“the first mate, seeking revenge on the captain, wrote in his journal, “the captain was sober today” (suggesting by emphasis that the captain is usually drunk)” |
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the author asserts more than one proposition such that the propositions cannot all be true.
“john is taller than jake, and jake is taller than fred, while fred is taller than john.” |
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