Term
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Definition
| Those than can be detected only by examining the content of the argument. |
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Term
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Definition
| share the common characteristic that the arguments in which they occur have premises that are logically irrelevant to the conclusion. |
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Term
| Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Bacculum) |
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Definition
| The fallacy of appeal to force occurs whenever an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him or her if he or she does not accept the conclusion. |
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Term
| Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad Misericordiam) |
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Definition
| The appeal to pity fallacy occurs when an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by merely evoking pity from the reader or listener. This pity may be directed towards the arguer or towards some third party. |
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Term
| Appeal to the People (Argumentum ad Populum) |
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Definition
The appeal to the people uses desires to get the reader or listener to accept a conclusion.
Three types:
-Bandwagon argument
-appeal to vanity
-appeal to snobbery |
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Term
| Argument Against the Person (Argumentum ad Hominem) |
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Definition
| The fallacy always involves two arguers. One of them advances (directly or implicitly) a certain argument, and the other then responds by directing his or her attention not to that first person's argument but to the first person himself. |
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Term
| The three types of ad hominem (abusive, circumstantial, & tu quoque) |
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Definition
Abusive: the second person responds to the first person's argument by verbally busting the first person.
Circumstantial: begins the same way as ad hominem abusive, but instead of heaping verbal abuse on hir or her opponent, the respondent attempts to discredit the opponent's argument by alluding to certain circumstances that affect the opponent.
Tu Quoque: beings the same way as the other two varieties of ad hominem argument, except that the second arguer attempts to make the first appear to be hypocritical or arguing in bad faith. |
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Term
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Definition
committed when a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover. Typically, the general rules is cited (either directly or implicitly) in the premises and then worngly applied to the specific case mention the conclusion
i.e - Freedom of speech is constitutionally guaranteed right Therefore, John Q. Radical should not be arrested for his pseech that incited the riot last week. |
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Term
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Definition
| Committed when an arguer distorts and opponent's argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it, demolishes the distorted argument, and then concludes that the opponent's real argument has been demolished. |
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Term
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Definition
Missing the point illustrates a special form of irrelevance. This fallacy occurs when the premises of an argument support one particular conclusion, but then a different conclusion, often vaguely related to the correct conclusion, is drawn.
i.e- Crimes of theft and robbery have been increasing at an alarming rate lately. The conclusion is obvious; we must reinstate the death penalty immediately. |
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Term
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Definition
| This fallacy is closely associated with missing the point. The red herring fallacy is committed when the arguer diverts the attention of the reader or listener by changing the subject to a different but sometimes subtly related one. He or she then finishes by either drawing a conclusion about this different issue or by merely presuming that some conclusion has been established. |
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