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A proposition that relates two classes, or categories
ex. American Idol contestants hope for recognition |
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| 4 Types of Categorical Propositions |
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| (1) those that assert that the whole subject class is included in the predicate class, (2) those that assert that part of the subject class is included in the predicate class, (3) those that assert that the whole subject class is excluded from the predicate class, and (4) those that assert that part of the subject class is excluded from the predicate class. |
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| standard form categorical proposition |
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| A categorical proposition that expresses these relations with complete clarity |
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| Forms of Standard form categorical proposition |
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Definition
All S are P.
No S are P.
Some S are P.
Some S are not P. |
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| they specify how much of the subject class is included in or excluded from the predicate class. (ex. all, no, or some) |
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| they link (or "couple") the subject term with the predicate term. (ex. are and are not) |
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| either affirmative or negative depending on whether it affirms or denies class membership |
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| ex: "All S are P" and "Some S are P" |
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| "No S are P" and "Some S are not P" |
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| categorical proposition is either universal or particular, depending on whether the statement makes a claim about every member or just some member of the class denoted by the subject term |
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| ex: "All S are P" and "No S are P" each assert something about every member of the S class |
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| ex: "Some S are P " and "Some S are not P " assert something about one or more members of the S class |
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| an attribute of the terms (subject and predicate) of propositions - ( A term is said to be distributed if the proposition makes an assertion about every member of the class denoted by the term; otherwise, it is undistributed) |
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| a system of diagrams to represent the information expressed (created by John Venn) |
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| modern square of opposition |
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| diagram that represents the relationship of mutually contradictory pairs of propositions |
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| two propositions that necessarily have opposite truths |
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have only one premise (ex:Some trade spies are not masters at bribery.
Therefore, it is false that all trade spies are masters at bribery.) |
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| used to describe Arguments that are valid from the Boolean standpoint because they are valid regardless of whether or not their terms refer to existing things |
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a formal fallacy that is committed whenever an argument is invalid merely because the premise is interpreted as lacking existential import
(ex: 1. All A are B.
Therefore, some A are B.
2. No A are B.
Therefore, some A are not B. |
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Definition
| it consists in switching the subject term with the predicate term. (ex: No foxes are hedgehogs & "No hedgehogs are foxes) |
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| logically equivalent statements |
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| when two statements necessarily have the same truth value |
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| requires two steps: (1) changing the quality (without changing the quantity), and (2) replacing the predicate with its term complement |
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| is the group consisting of everything outside the class (ex. the complement of dogs would be: fish, trees, cats) |
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| the word or group of words that denotes the class complement (ex: "dog" is "non-dog) |
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| requires two steps: (1) switching the subject and predicate terms and (2) replacing the subject and predicate terms with their term complements (ex: "All goats are animals" is contraposed, the resulting statement is "All non-animals are non-goats." ) |
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