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Definition: An amendment to the US Constitution after the Civil War that prohibited involuntary servitude
Significance: All slaves, mostly African American's were not free, no longer bound to slavery. Most took this opportunity to find their own land and start a new life. Others would spent time finding lost family members in hopes of reuniting. Education. Communities |
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Definition: An amendment to the US Constitution that defined anyone who was born in the United States a citizen. Prevented states from violating a citizens rights and from taking a person's life, liberty, or property without due process.
Significance: Ended the 3/5s clause which increased the South's representation. Provoked the Women's rights movement. Guaranteed African American civil rights. |
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Definition: An amendment to the US Constitution during reconstruction that forbid the use of race or former condition of servitude as a disqualification for suffrage.
Significance: Because of it's loose wording, many states found other ways to prevent poor, uneducated citizens (mostly african americans) from voting. Using methods like a poll tax and literacy test to single out specific demographics |
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Definition: Derogatory name for Northerns that came to the South during reconstruction who were demonized as crooks who wanted to take tax revenues.
Significance: Carpetbaggers came to the south in hopes of business opportunities, teaching job. Some entered politics in order to democratiz the south and introduce northern methods of industry and education
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Definition: A terrorist organization established after Civil war that wanted to reestablish white supremacy in the South by using intimidation and violence to suppress black voting.
Significance: The KKK's motives for their violence was driven my politics. They targeted Republicans in hopes of reducing their power and restoring a Democratic majority. In response to increasing violence, several acts were passed including the Enforcement Acts which made violations of civil and political rights a federal offense. |
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| Presidential Election of 1876 |
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Definition: The US Presidential election between Tilden and Hayes, resulting with a win for Hayes.
Significance: Due to widespread fraud, both parties claimed victory in the election. The situation resulted in the establishment of an electoral commission of 15 members, both Democratic and Republican. A deal was made in which if Hayes won he would pull out troops from the south. He did so and ended reconstruction |
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Definition: Laws passed in the South after the Civil War that aimed to limit the rights and freedoms of African Americans
Significance: These laws called for things like carry passes and a curfew from freedman. This attempt to return the South to the pre-civil war ways prompted Congress to take a more active role in the South and reconstruction. Including the ratification of the 14th and 15th Constitutional Amendments as requirements for re admittance to the Union. |
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A form of business that allows company to sell stocks to raise capital, and provided a limited liability for the owners of the company.
Significance: corporations were significant in late 1800s because the huge capital investment was needed for new technology. it opened doors for huge capital in the market. the other advantage of corporation was it had limited li abilities. Under fourteenth Amendment corporations are protected like individuals. This protected corporations from governments interference. |
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Definition: The method in which a company would acquire control of all aspects of their industry.
Significance: Vertical Integration resulted in small businesses being put out of business and monopolies began to form. Investment in these companies rose very quickly which was then used to invest in railroads and industry, further expanding America's economy. |
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Definition: An Scottish immigrant who started an enormous steel company using the method of vertical integration.
Significance Following the "Cospel of Wealth", which said that he and other industrialists had a duty to serve society, Carnegie donated hundreds of millions to schools, the arts, libraries, etc. Allowed him to define what was good and necessary for society. His mills also made steel readily available for the construction of railroads and construction companies. |
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Definition: Cowboys were cattle herders in the American West that were portrayed as the American Hero.
Significance: Cowboys were glorified which inspired men moving out West. Corporations began to overtake the cattle industry, forcing cowboys to form labor organizations and demand higher pay. Even though ranching became a corporate business, the image and myth of the cowboy lived on in American culture |
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Definition: An incentive program that began in 1862 which encouraged settlement in the west, offering cheap land or free plots to those who would live on and improve.
Significance: Offered a second chance for a better life. Recruitment in Europe for the program resulted in an increase in the national population |
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Definition: A policy passed 1877 which gave land to individual native Americans rather than entire tribes.
Significance: This act was an attempt to convert native americans into "productive" citizens but showed little inclination to do so. The act gave US citizenship to those who accepted the land, but those who refused stayed on reservations. |
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| Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis |
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| Definition: The Frontier Thesis argues that “free land, its continuous recession, and the advancement of American Settlement Westward” created a distinctive spirit of democracy and egalitarianism. The settlement of several frontier Wests from colonial times onward explained American progress and character. |
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Definition: "Wild Bill" was a character in "The Wild West" show that toured around America and Europe
Significance: "Wild Bill" Cody's character brought adventure and excitement to the West that the rest of the country loved. With "The Wild West" show, Cody inspired progress throughout the west. |
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Definition: Freedman who migrated from the South to the North and Midwest in search of better opportunities
Significance: African Americans left in a masses from their homes to Kansas where they built communities. They wanted to find a new place after rumors of oppression in the South after reconstruction. |
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Definition: The slaughter of hundreds Sioux men, women, and children by US troops in South Dakota
Significance: This even struck fear into Native Americans across the West and reduced native ctrol over land. |
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Definition: The Supreme Court ruling that said separate facilities for blacks and whites was legal as long as they were equal.
Significance: This opened the doors for other segregation laws like the Jim Crow Laws. These laws further showed how African Americans were still considered inferior. Blacks would then start boycotting businesses discriminatory businesses and supported each other. |
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Definition: A political movement of the 1890s that emphasizes the common man and grass-roots democracy while proposing creative and innovative proposals for change.
Significance: Established in the 1890's the Populist movement gave hope to the common man that government would work with them instead of favoring big corporations. The populists' party was often referred to as the Peoples' Party. Even though their presidential candidate, James Weaver, did not win the election, the movement gave hope to rural dwellers in the South and West for the future. |
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Definition: He was an orator, anti-imperialist, champion of farm interests and three-time Democratic presidential candidate
Significance: Bryan supported the unlimited coinage of silver in order to help with peoples' debt, increase cash circulation and reduce interest rates. He was soon nominated by the Democratic party for president but because of lost support from city dwellers who feared silver coinage, he lost the election to McKinley |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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Definition: Formed in 1886, the AFL was an alliance of national craft unions led by Samuel Gompers.
Significance:The AFL fought for higher wages, shorter hours and the right to bargin collegctively. Unlike the knights they accepted capitalism and worked to improve conditions within it. They played a major part in the labor wars, playing a role in the Homestead Strike. |
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Definition: Founded in 1869 in Philadelphia, they welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, women, immigrants, and african americans.
Significance: They intended to eliminate conflict between labor and management by establishing a cooperative society in workers owned factories/mines/railroads. Not all Knights agreed that strikes were helpful. |
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Definition: A protest in downtown Chicago against police brutality that turned into a riot when a bomb exploded on police.
Significance: The Haymarket divided and demoralized the labor movement. It turned many people in the middle class against unions due to association with radicalism and violence. It emboldened capitalists and marked the decline of the Knights. It also triggered the reinforcement of police forces to prevent more social turmoil |
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| Presidential Election of 1896 |
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Definition: The US Presidential election between William McKinley and William Jennings Bryant which resulted in the election of McKinley
Significance: This election revolved around the issue of gold and silver currency. The loss by the Populist party began to decline but it's goals were taken up by Democratic and Republican parties. |
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Define:The Progressive Movement was a reform campaign in which Progressives wanted to restore American society, values, and institutions.
Significance: Significance:Progressivists wanted to create a better world, and instill religious values throughout business, which was evident with the Social Gospel. A class of educated professionals emerged from this era in the areas of law, engineering, medicine, and teaching. People believed government had an obligation to improve society, for example through prohibition. |
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Definition: Journalists who wrote articles exposing political corruption and corporate wrongdoing in cities
Significance: Muckrakers were significant because they were the first to realize the effects of social mass media. Their works were meant to inspire outrage and reform including Sinclair's The Jungle which exposed the meatpacking industry. |
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Definition: A journalist who advocated "model tenements" with spacious rooms and better facilities for low-income families.
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| Definition: Founded Alice Paul in 1915 to fight for women's rights, particularly the right to vote Significance: NWP differed in that it wanted a constitutional amendment while others fought at state level. Members picketed during WWI which eventually led to the passage of the 19th amendment in 1920. |
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| Significance: A new leader for the fight for women's suffrage. She |
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Definition: A muckraker who wrote the novel The Jungle which exposed the horrors of the meatpacking industry.
Significance: After writing The Jungle and exposing the meat packing industry, President Roosevelt had no choice but to investigate the industry. This resulted in the Meat Inspection Act which set regulations for quality of processed meats |
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Definition: Founded Alice Paul in 1915 to fight for women's rights, particularly the right to vote
Significance: NWP differed in that it wanted a constitutional amendment while others fought at state level. Members picketed during WWI which eventually led to the passage of the 19th amendment in 1920. |
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Definition: President from 1901-1909 that led the country with a progressive agenda.
Significance: He established regulatory commissions to help protect the peoples' interests. After the publication of Sinclair's the Jungle, he passed the Meat Inspection Act which called for oversight of the quality control of processed meats. He also pushed for strong business regulation and taxation for the rich. |
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Definition: A progressive US President after Theodore Roosevelt from 1913-1921.
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Definition: The foreign policy proposed by US Secretary of State John Hay asking China to open their ports in their spheres of influence to all countries
Impact: With the open door policy the US was able to pry open markets and dominate them. The US used this policy to help them in the race for imperialism by expanding trade. By 1900, the US had become a world major world power in trading. |
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Definition: The amendment to the US Constitution that established a national prohibition of alcohol including manufacturing, sale, and transportation.
Significance: This piece of legislation was major victory for the progressives. This amendment showed the progressive goal of protecting American families and workplace through legislation. Reformers believed that alcohol caused accidents, poverty, and poor productivity. |
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Definition: An amendment to the US constitution passed in 1920 that gave women the right to vote.
Significance: The passage of this amendment showed the country that reform was possible. With this amendment women gained more freedom and equality. |
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Definition: A women's rights activist who was a leader of the National Women's Party in 1915 which fought for women's suffrage.
Significance: Alice Paul and her National Women's party fought on the national level for women's rights, namely women's suffrage. Paul and the NWP convinced legislators that women could shoulder public responsibilities by making contributions during wartime. This eventually led to the passage of the 19th amendment. |
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Definition: A set of laws passed in the US South that were meant to further oppress African Americans.
Significance: With the passage of segregation laws, like those of Jim Crow, the South continued to remind African Americans of their inferior social status. The laws called for things such as restricting blacks to the back of streetcars, separate water fountains and bathrooms, and separate sections in hospitals and cemeteries |
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Definition: The vigilante hangings of those accused of crimes, mostly against blacks.
Significance: Lynching was significant because it showed that the South still hated African Americans. Most of the men who were lynched were accused of assault on white women but was rarely actually proven. This caused many to rise up and fight against this social injustice. People like Ida B. Wells fought against not only violence against African Americans but other forms of discrimination and social injustic. |
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Definition: The denial of the right to vote to specific people or groups of people, namely of African Americans in the South.
Significance: Southern white leaders wanted to further suppress African Americans used various methods to prevent blacks from voting including using a polling tax in order to prevent poor African Americans from being able to vote. A Supreme Court ruling that said Congress had no control over state and local elections other than enforcing the 15th amendment. Polling requirements like owing property, a literacy test, and polling tax meant that some poor whites were also unable to vote. |
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| Definition: An organization that fought for equal rights for African Americans in the US. Significance: The NAACP was an important part of the civil rights movement(s) in the 1900s. By 1914 it had fifty branch offices and six thousand members. The organization criticized the president who had introduced segregation into the federal government and after intense pressure, Wilson condemned lynching. |
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| Industrial Workers of the World |
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Definition: A radical labor organization that sought to unionize all workers.
Significance: The group fought against capitalist ideas and thought workers should seize and control the nation's industries. They embraced violence and sabotage. After minimal gains, the organization collapsed during WWI after leaders were jailed and harassment from local police |
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Definition: Passed in 1890, this law made it illegal for business and corporations to engage any actions that might restrict trade
Significance: Between 1890 and 1900, the federal government only prosecute 18 cases under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The most successful involved railroads and interstate commerce. Courts did not consider monopolistic actions a restriction of trade and used their power to break up boycotts by striking unions. |
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Definition: A fire that broke out in a factory that killed over 100 people, mostly teenage women who were locked in workworms
Significance: Despite the obvious problems with the current working conditions in American factories, prevailing freemarket views hampered passage of legislation regulating conditions. Employers denied the responsibility of employees' well-being. |
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