Term
| Are lower motor neurons GVE, GVA, GSE, or GVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do motor systems consist of |
|
Definition
| all the muscles and neurons that control movements |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of neurons control movements |
|
Definition
| UMNs, LMNs, interneurons, parts of the brain that deal with motor |
|
|
Term
| is the brain required for all complex motor patterns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are central pattern generators |
|
Definition
| circuitry within the spinal cord and brainstem for coordinated control of rhythmic movements |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of rhythmic movements that central pattern generators control |
|
Definition
| walking, running, swimming |
|
|
Term
| what controls motor programs |
|
Definition
| brain, but they're contained in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circuitry that gives us the ability to do alternating/rhythmic movements |
|
|
Term
| how are motor programs accessed, executed, and modulated? |
|
Definition
| by descending commands from the brain |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 basic parts of motor control |
|
Definition
| 1. spinal cord's command and control of coordinated rhythmic muscle contractions; 2. the brain's command and control of motor programs in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where do UMNs originate and where do they go? |
|
Definition
| UMNs always originate AND remain in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| where do LMNs originate and where do they go |
|
Definition
| LMNs originate in the CNS and project OUT to skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somatic motor nerve that leaves the spinal cord/brainstem and goes out to innervate skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies of most LMNs |
|
Definition
| ventral horn of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of an LMN axon? |
|
Definition
| axon goes out ventral root into spinal nerve, then through dorsal or ventral ramus depending on which muscle it will innervate |
|
|
Term
| what do LMNs innervate when they go through the ventral rami |
|
Definition
| anterior/lateral trunk, arms, legs |
|
|
Term
| what do LMNs innervate when they go through the dorsal rami |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of nerve enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what synapses on LMNs in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other than ventral horn of the spinal cord, what is another location where cell bodies of LMNs can be located |
|
Definition
| cranial nerve nuclei within the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| what initiates skeletal muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what modulates the activity of LMNs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aside from UMNs, what else can LMNs receive input from |
|
Definition
| sensory neurons, interneurons |
|
|
Term
| what is the final common pathway for transmitting neural information to the muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 things can synapse on an LMN |
|
Definition
| UMN, interneuron, sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| what is the 3 neuron pathway for motor control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 neural centers that are responsible for movement |
|
Definition
| 1. spinal cord and brainstem circuits; 2. descending modulatory systems or pathways; 3. cerebellum; 4. basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| to be able to contract skeletal muscles, which of the 4 neural centers have to be working properly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do the 4 neural centers responsible for movement interact with each other? |
|
Definition
| yes, they are highly interactive systems providing essential and unique contributions to motor control |
|
|
Term
| what does the neural center of the local circuitry within spinal cord/brainstem involve (which 2 types of neurons)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are local circuit neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major source of synaptic input to the LMNs |
|
Definition
| local circuit neurons/interneurons |
|
|
Term
| from what sources do interneurons receive information/ |
|
Definition
| local circuit neurons receive SENSORY INPUTS and DESCENDING PROJECTIONS (UMNs) from higher centers |
|
|
Term
| what conveys all commandes for movement, both voluntary and involuntary, to muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a retrograde tracer do if we inject it into a muscle. |
|
Definition
| Retrograde tracers will follow the axon backwards. It will go up the motor nerve into the spinal cord. You can see where the cell bodies are of all the motor nerves that innervate that muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of most LMNs, according to information from retrograde tracers injected into muscle? |
|
Definition
| ventral horn of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what is the motor neuron pool |
|
Definition
| grouping together of all the motor neurons innervating a single muscle into a rod-shaped cluster that runs parallel to the long axis of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies of LMN that innervate quads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies for LMNs that innervate thenaor muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies for LMNs that innervate biceps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does every muscle have its own motor neuron pool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the motor neuron pool for the quads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the motor neuron pool for thenar muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the motor neuron pool for biceps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what dimension of the spinal cord are motor neuron pools arranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the distribution of the location of muscle group motor neuron pools in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| proximal muscle are medial/distal muscles are lateral; extensors are anterior/flexors are posterior |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of axial muscles? |
|
Definition
| trunk movement (erector spinae, obliques are axial muscles) |
|
|
Term
| where in the spinal cord are axial muscle motor neuron pools located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the spinal cord are proximal or girdle muscle motor neuron pools located? |
|
Definition
| medially in the ventral horn |
|
|
Term
| where in the spinal cord are distal muscle motor neuron pools located? |
|
Definition
| laterally in the ventral horn |
|
|
Term
| describe the relationship between motor neurons and muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the orderliness of the relationship between motor neurons and muscles evident |
|
Definition
| evident along the length of the cord as well as the mediolateral dimension: it provides a spatial map of the body's musculature |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of LMNs found in the motor neuron pools |
|
Definition
| small gamma motor neurons, alpha motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| what do gamma motor neurons innervate |
|
Definition
| intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles |
|
|
Term
| besides gamma motor neurons, what else innervates intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do gamma motor neurons do to intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles |
|
Definition
| function to regulate the length and tension of the intrafusal fibers |
|
|
Term
| what do alpha motor neurons innervate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are extrafusal fibers |
|
Definition
| the striated skeletal muscle fibers that contract and generate forces needed for movement |
|
|
Term
| what cranial nerves have LMNs? |
|
Definition
| the ones that innervate skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collection of skeletal muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| what does a single motor neuron synapse with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are motor units all the same size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are alpha motor neurons all the same size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe small motor neurons/motor units |
|
Definition
| small alpha motor neurons innervate a small number of muscle fibers and form small motor units that generate small forces |
|
|
Term
| describe large motor neurons/motor units |
|
Definition
| large alpha motor neurons innervate a large number of muscle fibers and form large motor units that generate large, powerful forces |
|
|
Term
| what do small motor units innervate? |
|
Definition
| small red fibers that contract slowly and generate small forces |
|
|
Term
| why are the small fibers innervated by small motor units red |
|
Definition
| rich vascular supply and a lot of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what makes the small red fibers innervated by small motor units resistant to fatigue |
|
Definition
| they have lots of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what do we call the small motor units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for what kind of activities are slow motor units important |
|
Definition
| sustained activities that require us to not fatigue, such as maintenance of upright posture |
|
|
Term
| what are some muscles with lots of slow motor unitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do larger motor units innervate |
|
Definition
| larger, pale fibers that generate a lot of force |
|
|
Term
| why are the large fibers innervated by large motor units pale? |
|
Definition
| not very much mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what easily happens to large pale fibers innervated by large motor units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do we call the large motor units |
|
Definition
| fast fatigable motor units (FF) |
|
|
Term
| what are fast fatigable motor units important for |
|
Definition
| brief exertions like running, jumping |
|
|
Term
| how big are fast fatigue-resistant motor units (small, intermediate, or large) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much force do fast fatigue-resistant motor units produce compared to force produced by slow motor units |
|
Definition
| twice as much as slow motor units |
|
|
Term
| how resistant to fatigue are fast fatigue-resistant motor units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 different types of motor units? |
|
Definition
| Slow, Fast Fatigue Resistant, Fast Fatigable |
|
|
Term
| which type of muscle unit can produce the most force |
|
Definition
| fast fatigable motor units (FF) |
|
|
Term
| which type of muscle unit produces the least force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does an alpha motor neuron to a small motor unit generate only a small amount of force? |
|
Definition
| it doesn't innervate a lot of muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| how may muscle fibers are innervated when an alpha motor neuron innervates a fast fatigable motor unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which motor units are able to sustain the same force for the longest time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do we need different types of motor units |
|
Definition
| allows the nervous system to produce movements appropriate for different circumstances |
|
|
Term
| what is types of movements is the soleus muscle important for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of motor units are there a majority of in the soleus muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on average, about how many muscle fibers/motor neuron exist in the soleus |
|
Definition
| 180 muscle fibers per motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| on average, about how many muscle fibers/motor neuron exist in the gastroc |
|
Definition
| 1000-2000 muscle fibers per motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of having so many muscle fibres per motor neuron in the gastrocnemius |
|
Definition
| the gastroc can produce sudden bursts of force in jumpng |
|
|
Term
| what is it that changes/regulates the force produced by a muscle |
|
Definition
| increasing or decreasing the number of motor units that are active at any one time |
|
|
Term
| what is the order of recruitment of motor units to increase muscle tension |
|
Definition
| S units are activated 1st, then FR units, then FF units |
|
|
Term
| what is the term for the orderly recruitment of motor units based on their size (small to large) in order to increase muscle tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what motor units are activated for standing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what motor units are activated for walking/running |
|
Definition
| fast fatigue resistant motor units (FR) |
|
|
Term
| what motor units are required for strenuous activities such as jumping? |
|
Definition
| fast fatigable motor units (FF) |
|
|
Term
| besides recruitment of motor units in a fixed order according to their size, what else contributes to the regulatoin of muscle tension |
|
Definition
| frequency of action potentials |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of an increase in firing rate of a motor neuron? |
|
Definition
| increase in force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of low frequency stimulation/action potentials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you have higher frequencies of action potentials? |
|
Definition
| the twitches "sum" to produce a force greater than that of single twitches |
|
|
Term
| what do we call the summing of twitches to produce a greater force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if frequncies of action potentials are even higher than that required for temporal summation, what is the result? |
|
Definition
| the force produced is greater than before, but twitches are still evident |
|
|
Term
| what do we call it when there is a greater force than with temporal summation but twitches are still evident? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at the highest rates of motor neuron activation from high frequency action potentials? |
|
Definition
| individual twitches are no longer present |
|
|
Term
| what do we call it when the individual muscle twitches are no longer present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define temporal summation |
|
Definition
| the increase in force that occurs with increased firing rate that reflects the summation of successive muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| what is happening to the muscle fibers in temporal summation |
|
Definition
| the muscle fibers are activated by the next action potential before they have had time to relax from the previous action potential; forces generated by the overlapping contractions are summed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orderly recruitment of larger motor units increases muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| what is temporal summation |
|
Definition
| increase in motor neuron frequency of action potentials increases muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| go to slide 47 and watch the video |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors found in skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of muscle spindles |
|
Definition
| 4-8 specialized intrafusal fibers surrounded by a capsule |
|
|
Term
| what is the nuclear bag fiber |
|
Definition
| in the muscle spindle, largest intrafusal fiber. |
|
|
Term
| how are the nuclei in nuclear bag fibres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are nuclear chain fibers |
|
Definition
| intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles |
|
|
Term
| how are the nuclei arranged in nuclear chain fibers |
|
Definition
| lined up in a single file |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory axons that encircle and innervate both types of intrafusal fibers to encode the rate of stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do Ia axons have fast conduction velocities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axons that innervate nuclear chain fibers and give off minor branches to nuclear bag fibers to encode the degree of stretch |
|
|
Term
| what motor neurons innervate and contract intrafusal fibers |
|
Definition
| specialized gamma motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of muscle spindles |
|
Definition
| provide information to the CNS about muscle length |
|
|
Term
| where does the sensory signal for the stretch reflex originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the intrafusal muscle fibers when the muscle is stretched? |
|
Definition
| they are lengthened/stretched too |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of stretching intrafusal muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| the stretching initiates an action potential in the 1a afferent axons coiled around the spindle. |
|
|
Term
| what do centrally projecting branches of 1a afferent axons form with homonymous alpha motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| monosynaptic excitatory connections |
|
|
Term
| what does homonymous mean |
|
Definition
| the 2 nerves innervate the same muscle |
|
|
Term
| describe the excitatory stretch-reflex circuitry that occurs when beer is poured into a glass you are holding |
|
Definition
| As beer is poured into the mug, we get passive stretch of the bicep. 1a afferent axons send action potentials to the spinal cord saying that the bicep has been stretched. The 1a afferent axon makes monosynaptic excitatory connections with the alpha motor neuron to the bicep. THe alpha motor neuron causes contraction of the bicep so that you don't spill your beer. |
|
|
Term
| besides the monosynaptic excitatory connection with the homonymous alpha motor neuron, to what else does the 1a afferent neuron innervate centrally? |
|
Definition
| through an interneuron, the central projection of the 1a sensory neuron has inhibitory connections with alpha motor neurons of heteronymous muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is a heteronymous muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is reciprocal innervation? |
|
Definition
| the 1a afferent neuron's inhibitory connections with alpha motor neurons of heteronymous muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of reciprical innervation |
|
Definition
| rapid and efficient responses in muscle length and tension |
|
|
Term
| what gives us muscle tone |
|
Definition
| the continual occurrence of reciprocal innervation activity |
|
|
Term
| describe the inhibitory stretch-reflex circuitry that occurs as beer is poured into a glass that you are holding |
|
Definition
| as beer is poured into the mug, we get passive stretch of the bicep. 1a afferent axons send action potentials to the spinal cord saying that the bicep has been stretched. The 1a afferent axon makes inhibitory connections via an interneuron with alpha motor neurons of the triceps |
|
|
Term
| the stretch reflex arc is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the stretch reflex arc |
|
Definition
| maintain the muscle length at a desired value (ie muscle tone) |
|
|
Term
| what do gamma motor neurons terminate on? |
|
Definition
| contractile poles of intrafusal fibers |
|
|
Term
| activation of what neurons cause intrafusal fiber contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of contracting the intrafusal fiber when the muscle contracts? |
|
Definition
| maintain tension on the equatorial region where sensory axons terminate |
|
|
Term
| what would happen to the muscle spindle if you contract your muscle but you don't have a gamma motor neuron? |
|
Definition
| the muscle spindle wouldn't contract. It would be long and limp inside the muscle. there would also be a void of afferent signals going back to the CNS because the muscle spindle wasn't changing and reporting change to the CNS |
|
|
Term
| when both alpha and gamma motor neurons are activated to shorten both the muscle and the muscle spindle, what is the effect on 1a afferents? |
|
Definition
| they send action potentials to the CNS to say that the muscle/muscle spindle has shortened |
|
|
Term
| what is the function/purpose of gamma motor neurons |
|
Definition
| gamma motor neurons regulate the tension of muscle spindles so they can operate efficiently at any length of the muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 other ways to refer to gamma activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sets the tension/gain in the muscle spindle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls the gamma activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does gamma activity relate to the gain |
|
Definition
| they are the exact same thing |
|
|
Term
| how does gain/gamma activity from a stretch reflex relate to change in muscle force |
|
Definition
| the larger the gain, the greater the change in muscle force |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of a stretch to the muscle when the gain of a reflex is high? |
|
Definition
| a small stretch applied to the intrafusal fibers produces a large increase in alpha motor neurons recruited and a large increase in tension produced by extrafusal fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of a stretch to the muscle when the gain of a reflex is low? |
|
Definition
| a greater stretch is required to generate the same amount of tension in extrafusal fibers |
|
|
Term
| co-activation of what 2 neurons allows muscle spindles to function properly at all lengths and movements? |
|
Definition
| alpha and gamma motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| what must happen to the gain of the stretch reflex in order to meet different functional requirements? |
|
Definition
| must be continuously adjusted |
|
|
Term
| when does the CNS set the gain high? |
|
Definition
| when you're worried about balance or watchign a scary movie |
|
|
Term
| what is the golgi tendon organ |
|
Definition
| another sensory receptor that is important in the reflex regulation of motor activity |
|
|
Term
| where are golgi tendon organs |
|
Definition
| distributed among collagen fibers in tendons |
|
|
Term
| what innervates golgi tendon organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what information does group 1b convey to the CNS |
|
Definition
| info about muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| what detects change in muscle length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does muscle action act on tendons? |
|
Definition
| when muscles actively contract |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the GTO when muscles actively contract? |
|
Definition
| the contraction force acts on the tendon, leading to tension on the collagen fibril in the GTO and compression of the intertwined sensory axon |
|
|
Term
| how does firing rate from the GTO change when the muscle contracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is it important to monitor the tension of a muscle? |
|
Definition
| to protect the muscle's integrity (keep us from generating exceptionally large forces) |
|
|
Term
| what would happen if we didn't have GTO's |
|
Definition
| we would tear muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what do 1b afferent axons from GTO's connect to centrally? |
|
Definition
| 1b inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what do 1b inhibitory interneurons do? |
|
Definition
| decrease the activity of alpha motor neurons that innervate the same muscle |
|
|
Term
| what does the arrangement of 1b afferent axons innervating 1b interneurons to decrease alpha motor neurons to the same muscle do? |
|
Definition
| prevents muscles from generating excessive force and regulates muscle tension within an optimal range |
|
|
Term
| do 1b inhibitory interneurons receive any synapses from descending pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the flexion reflex pathway |
|
Definition
| an important reflex that causes withdrawal of limb from a painful stimulus |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of the flexion reflex pathway |
|
Definition
| A delta fibers bring pain info into the dorsal horn, where they excite ipsilateral flexor muscles via interneurons and they also inhibit ipsilateral extensor muscles via interneurons |
|
|
Term
| when you have the flexion reflex pathway, what else happens? |
|
Definition
| there is an opposite reaction of flexion reflex that occurs on contralateral limb causing contralateral extensor muscles to be excited and contralateral flexor muscles to be inhibited |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the crossed extension reflex? |
|
Definition
| serves to enhance postural support during withdrawal of affected limb from stimulus |
|
|
Term
| what do central pattern generators allow us to do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are interneurons capable of besides reflex responses to sensory inputs? |
|
Definition
| interneurons are capable of controlling the timing and coordination of rhythmic movememnts |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 phases of walking? |
|
Definition
| stance phase, swing phase |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you increase walking speed? |
|
Definition
| you reduce the time it takes to complete a cycle by shortening the stance phase |
|
|
Term
| in dogs and cats, what accompanies change in locomotin speed? |
|
Definition
| changes in the sequence of limb movements |
|
|
Term
| what is the progression of leg movements in dogs at low speeds |
|
Definition
| LH, LF, RH, RF: back to front, first one side then the other |
|
|
Term
| at high speeds, what is the leg movements in dogs? |
|
Definition
| 2 front legs are synchronized, 2 rear legs are synchronized |
|
|
Term
| is locomotion in animals fully controlled by higher centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you transect a cat's spinal cord in the thoracic region, what happens if you put the cat on a treadmill? |
|
Definition
| hindlimbs still make coordinated locomotor movements. |
|
|
Term
| what determines the speed of the transected cat's locomotor movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the locomotion of transected cats on a treadmill a reflex response to the stretching of the limb muscles? |
|
Definition
| no. if you destroy the hindlimb's DRG in these animals, appropriate locomotor movements are still evident |
|
|
Term
| what is it that tells the transected cat how to move? |
|
Definition
| some kind of Central Pattern Generator inside the spinal cord that tells it how to do the rhythmic movements |
|
|
Term
| are basic rhythmic patterns in locomotion dependent on sensory input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are basic rhythmic patterns in locomotion dependent on descending input from higher centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a central pattern generator |
|
Definition
| an oscillatory spinal cord local circuit responsible for alternating flexion and extension in locomotion. Each limb has its own CPG |
|
|
Term
| can humans depend on CPG alone to control rhythmic movements? |
|
Definition
| no. we require UMNs to control rhythmic movements |
|
|
Term
| define lower motor neuron syndromes |
|
Definition
| collection of symptoms that arise following damage to LMN cell bodies or their peripheral axons |
|
|
Term
| how does LMN syndrome affect muscles |
|
Definition
| paralysis, paresis, atrophy, fibrillations, or fasciculations of affected muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does LMN syndrome affect reflexes and why |
|
Definition
| causes loss of reflexes due to loss of the efferent limb of the reflex arc |
|
|
Term
| how does LMN syndrome affect muscle tone and why |
|
Definition
| loss of muscle tone because tone is dependent on the reflex arc |
|
|
Term
| what are fibrillations and fasciculations |
|
Definition
| spontaneous muscle twitches which arise from altered excitability of muscle fibers and damaged alpha neurons |
|
|
Term
| what determines whether you get paralysis or paresis in LMN syndrome? |
|
Definition
| if you completely cut the nerve, you get paralysis. If you just damage it, you'll get paresis |
|
|
Term
| what do fasciculations look like? |
|
Definition
| a little wave in the muscle that you can see through the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral destruction of neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what type of trauma causes LMN syndrome? |
|
Definition
| damage/laceration of a peripheral nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| what's another name for ALS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurodegenerative disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects .05% of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow degeneration of the alpha motor neurons in ventral horn and brainstem and eventually neurons in the cortex |
|
|
Term
| does ALS start as a UMN or LMN disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yes, some UMNs can be destroyed too |
|
|
Term
| what is the progression of ALS |
|
Definition
| weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles with sensory and cognitive functions intact. Death within 5 years |
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