Term
| What are the primary categories of social stratification? |
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Definition
| Upper class, middle class and lower class |
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Term
| What is social stratification and how is it related to social inequality? |
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Definition
A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy- the degree of social inequality determines a person's social rank
good-better-best |
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Term
| List and explain the principles of social stratification. |
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Definition
1. it's a trade society- not a reflection of individual differences.
2. it carries from generation to generation
3. Universal but variable
4. Involves inequality and beliefs |
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Term
| structural functional approach of social stratification? |
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Definition
| Views social stratification plays a vital part in the operation of society. |
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Term
| social conflict approach of social stratification? |
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Definition
| provides some people with advantages over others. |
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Term
| symbolic interaction approach of social stratification? |
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Definition
| Social position is a matter of meanings, which reflect the quantity and quality of products that we consume |
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Term
| How is socioeconomic status linked to education, profession, resources and healthcare? |
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Definition
| Social stratification predicts some measure of inequality: money, resources, health, and power = wealth, power and prestige |
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Term
| Compare a class society and a caste society. |
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Definition
Caste- Social stratification based on ascription or birth.
Class- Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement. |
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Term
“culture of poverty theory”
chief criticism of it? |
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Definition
"The subculture develops mechanisms that tend to perpetuate it”
"fatalistic" |
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Term
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Definition
| socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society consider important. Race is a social construct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Socially constructed cultural traits a society defines as important: common ancestors, language, religion. |
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Term
| Why are race and ethnicity considered to be social constructs? |
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Definition
| Both race and ethnicity are created by society and defined by society. |
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Term
| Thomas Theorem relate to racism in America? |
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Definition
| The Thomas Theorem is that situations are defined as real become real in their consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| social distance leads to prejudice leads to racism leads to discrimination which leads to social distance. |
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Term
| four-point continuum in pluralist society |
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Definition
-diversity
-tolerance
-relativism
-dialogue |
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Term
| How are race and ethnicity linked to social stratification? |
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Definition
race= social position
ethnicity= social position |
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Term
| What are three examples of institutional racism in Oregon’s history? |
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Definition
| Interracial marriage, curfew, exclusion, taxation |
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Term
| Identify and explain three of the four Theories of Prejudice. |
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Definition
Conflict: power manipulates ethnic groups to keep power.
Scapegoat: blame all problems
Authoritarian: maintain power over another group.
Cultural: taught as part of socialization |
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Term
| What is the difference between sex, gender and sexual orientation? |
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Definition
Sex: body parts
gender: brain
Orientation: to whom you are attracted |
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Term
| How is gender related to social stratification? |
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Definition
| women are less equal to men |
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Term
| How are sexuality and culture linked? |
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Definition
| culture is how we view sexuality |
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Term
| What is the “Women’s Movement” and how has it affected the lives of men and women in present day society? |
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Definition
| voting, city life- birth control, sexual revolution- AIDS, hooking up, equal pay |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that one sex is superior to the other. |
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Term
| What is institutionalized sexism? |
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Definition
| women with low-paying jobs |
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Term
| How is social conflict related to sexuality in our society at present? |
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Definition
| sex as a means of social inequality |
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Term
| How is gender related to culture? Socialization? The media? |
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Definition
| family, peers, and the mass media give idea of what is culturally appropriate for the sexes |
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Term
| How does gender stratification affect workplace roles/responsibilities? |
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Definition
| the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women |
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Term
| How is gender related to minority status? |
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Definition
| status based on race/sex/class |
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Term
| What are 3 ways in which our society has used its political institutions to address sexism in the workplace? |
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Definition
| Civil rights, no discrimination laws, voting rights |
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Term
| How do sociologists describe “social institutions?” Provide four examples. |
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Definition
| systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals |
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Term
| What are the primary functions of a political institution in society? |
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Definition
| roles and norms that govern the distribution of power in society |
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Term
| What are the four major types of political systems in the world? |
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Definition
| Authoritarian System, Democracy, Dictatorship, Federation |
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Term
| What are the three branches of the American government? |
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Definition
| Judicial Branch, Supreme Court, and Federal Court. |
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Term
| What is “independent judiciary? How did this term become critical to the civil rights movement in the 1950’s? |
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Definition
| The separation of powers- non-biased decision about segregation laws |
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Term
| Define “power?” Identify two of the three “Theories of Power” |
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Definition
ability to impose one's will on others
1. Pluralist- People rule
2. Power-Elite- Few people rule
3. Marxist- system is biased |
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Term
| definition of an educational system in society? |
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Definition
| The process by which a society transmits its knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function effectively |
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Term
| Why did the United States make education mandatory? |
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Definition
| to improve literacy rates and discourage child labor |
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Term
| primary functions of education in our society? (Structural functional theoretical approach) |
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Definition
1. Socialization
2. Transmission of culture
3. Social control
4. Social placement
5. Change and innovation |
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Term
| What is the “hidden curriculum” and how does it relate to “latent functions” of education? |
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Definition
1. Restricting
2. social networks
3. Creating a generation gap |
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Term
| What are the social conflicts involving education in the US? (Social-Conflict theoretical approach) |
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Definition
| emphasizes that power and inequality that are part of education as a social institution |
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Term
| Symbolic-Interaction theoretical approach applied to the evaluation of education? |
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Definition
| teacher expectancy effect |
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Term
| define religion as a social institution? |
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Definition
| people must have a sense of purpose |
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Term
| What is the difference between a religious and a secular society? |
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Definition
| religion separated from society vs. religion part of society |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is religious pluralism? |
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Definition
| co-existence of many religions in a society |
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Term
| structural-functional, social-conflict and symbolic interaction theoretical approaches of religion. |
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Definition
Structural: system of shared beliefs
Social: social institution involving beliefs
Symbolic: belief based on conviction no evidence |
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Term
| What is the function of the economy as a social institution? |
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Definition
| businesses compete freely, minimal government intervention |
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Term
| What were the primary distinctions between the Agricultural Revolution, the Industrial Revolution and the Information Revolution? |
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Definition
| population growth- low- high- low |
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Term
| What are the changing patterns of work in the United States between 1900 and 2011? |
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Definition
barter system to economy
products to ideas
mechanical to literary
factory to anywhere |
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Term
| What are the primary sector, the secondary sector, and the tertiary sector in relation to the economy? Which one is dominant in the US economy? |
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Definition
primary: raw resources
secondary: raw into goods
tertiary: products services not goods |
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Term
| What are the primary differences between Capitalism and Socialism? |
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Definition
greater productivity vs less
high standard of living vs low
greater income inequality vs less
freedom to act vs freedom from want |
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Term
| What is Welfare Capitalism? |
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Definition
| capitalism with social programs |
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Term
| What is State Capitalism? |
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Definition
| private companies work with government |
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