Close to the sun

Small

Rocky

Ex: Earth, Venus, Mercury, Mars

Far from the sun

Large

Gaseous

Ex: Jupiter, Saturn

1) Supernova and formation of primordial dust cloud

2) Condensation of primordial dust forms disk-shaped nebular cloud that rotates counter-clockwise

3) Proto sun and planets begin to form

4) Planets/moons differentiate

5) Existing solar system takes place

1) Iron core -- inner core is solid, outer core is liquid

2) Fe-Mg (Iron Magnesium) silicate mantle

3) Silicate crust (oceanic and continental)

4) Oceans

5) Atmosphere

Hot enough to be liquid, but is under so much pressure at the center that it causes it to be solid

Mostly Oxygen and Silicate

Small amounts of Fe-Mg

Earth's heat is still trapped in the center

The moon has lost all of its heat, thus shutting down (due to its small size)

Iron on the Earth was heated up, sank toward the center of Earth, displaced lighter compounds toward the surface

Kinetic energy stops, thus creating more heat (one time thing)

Degassing occured, Oceans & Atmospheres were formed

Center of the Earth ~6400km

Drilling ~15km

Mining ~3.6km

*There aren't many reasons to drill further down

-Seismic waves are sound waves

Seismic waves refract because of velocity changes related to density changes within the planet

P-waves

Only supported by fluids (gasses/liquids) and solids

Primary, faster speed

Aren't heard between 103-143 degrees away from the source since the sound wave diverges after hitting Earth's core

S-waves

Secondary, slower

Travels through solids only

Don't reach the surface when around 103 degrees from the source

*proof that the center of Earth has liquid that the S-wave can't penetrate

Crust: 2km-7km

Oceanic crust: 8km-10km

Continental crust: 35km

Mantle: 2900km

80% of Earth's volume but only 67% its mass; solid

Core:

outer-2200km (thick, liquid iron)

inner-1200km (solid iron)

Above 100km is brittle; below 100km is ductile

Can produce Earthquakes

Tectonic plates are here

-Convection in the liquid outer core produces the magnetic field

-Convection in the solid mantle moves tectonic plates (can only move a few centimeters each year)

Plates move apart, new oceanic crust is formed in between

Magma not making it to the surface and once it breaks through

Plates move together and either collide (cont-cont) -- Mountains

(ocean-cont) (ocean-ocean)

The continental side or the denser (older) oceanic crust stays on top, while one is subducted

Plates slide by eachother

Ex: San Andreas Fault

Plate line is across the Washington Coast

Responsible for the formation of the Cascade Mountains

1950's

Spreading from the middle and sinking under the continents at their edges

Erruptions of very hot material under the water, on the ocean floor

Special eco-system thriving off the energy provided from this hot material

The older/denser side is subducted

Ex: Japan, Phillipines, Volcanism

The African plate! Has the highest number of hot spots and volcanic activity

Lately is has been very stationary

1) Igneous -- fiery

2) Sedimentary -- settled

3) Metamorphic -- changed form

Identify based on compostion and texture

Classification based on description and inerpretation of these features

Formed by cooling and hardening (crystalization/glassification) of magma

Most magma doesn't make it to the surface as molten (it solidifies/crystalizes) forms rocks called intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks -- formed underground

Concordant: parallel with surrounding layers

Ex: sills, laccoliths, lopoliths

Discordant: cuts across layers

Ex: dikes, batholiths, stocks

"Obvious"

Visible to unaided eyes

Coarsed grain

Usually intrusive

Phaneritic igneous rock crystallizes slowly underground

Not obvious

Crystaline

Not visible to the unaided eye

Fine grained

Usually extrusive

Not crystalline

Extrusive

Purple

Coarse-grained (phenocrysts)

Surrounded by fine-grained

Began crystallizing underground then errupted and finished solidifying on the surface

Extrusive

Cooled so quickly it has a glassy texture

Submicroscopic seeds of grain

Low-viscosity flows (mafic) develop skins on their upper surface which breaks/distorts, creating 3 distinct textures

1) Block Lava

2) Pahoehoe

3) aa

Wrinkly, thin surface skin

Lower viscosity compared to "aa"

"painful" from the breaking of a thicker skin into jagged, sharp surface

High viscosity because it already degassed and cooled

-felsic magma doesn't reach the surface

-localized heating of continental crust an produce continental hot-spots

-some felsic melt is produced at cont-cont collision zones, but the overthickened crust doesn't allow magma to get to the surface

-Mantle plumes (hot spots) produce large quantities of mafic magma

-Divergent boundaries (mid-ocean ridges) have a lot of mafic activity

-Continental rifting may produce flood basalts

Constructed by successive basalt flows

Ex: Hawaii

Very shallow, slopes range from 7-10 degrees

Intrusive structure

Tabular intrusive bodies that are oriented perpendicularly or obliquely to other rocks

Poor in silica (~50%), Na, K

 Rich in Fe, Mg, Ca

Dark/green minerals

Low viscosity

Typically mild erruptions

Gasses escape, flows easily

Mafic magma is produced by partial melting or extensive melting

Ex: Basalt, Gabbro

Poor in Fe, Mg, Ca 

Rich in silica, Na, K

 Light/pink minerals

High Viscosity

Typically violent erruptions

Gasses can't escape, flows sluggishly

Ex: Rhyolite, Granite

1) gravitational settling of inital solids

2) flow segregation as the magma moves

3) filter pressing of risidual fluid

4) loss of volatiles (water, gasses)

1) 5.1 magnitude Earthquake a mile below the summit

2) Flank fails and slides away -- 4 major blocks slumped down the mountain sides

3) Rapid decompression of crytodome -- caused a lateral blast

4) Cleared away -- vertical erruption column blast

Distal zone

"Standing dead" zone

Trees singed by hot gas