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| An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. |
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| The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
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| An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
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| A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. |
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| A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allow gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. |
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| In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf |
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| A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants. |
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| One or more layers of elongated photosynthetic cells on the upper part of a leaf |
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| Loosely arranged photosynthetic cells located below the palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf. |
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| An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. |
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| Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
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| The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
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| Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
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| The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration. |
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| The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |
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| Is a type of sugar; used by plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch. |
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| A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms. |
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| shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule. |
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| Molecular structure: Oxygen gas |
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O = O
two oxygen atoms held together by a covalent bond. |
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| Molecular structure: Carbon dioxide |
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| Molecular structure: Water |
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| Molecular structure: Glucose |
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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| An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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| Part of Water cycle: Transpiration |
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| The process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. |
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| Part of Water cycle: Ground water |
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| Fresh water (from rain or melting ice and snow) that soaks into the soil and is stored in the tiny spaces (pores) between rocks and particles of soil. |
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| Part of Water cycle: Percolation |
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| Is the movement of water through the soil itself. |
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| Part of Water cycle: Runoff |
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| Precipitation that does not soak into the soil but instead moves on the Earth's surface towards streams. |
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| Part of Water cycle: Evaporation |
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| The process that changes liquid water to gaseous water (water vapor). Occurs when energy (heat) forces the bonds that hold water molecules together to break. |
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| Part of Water cycle: Precipitation |
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| Is water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow or hail. Precipitation is the main way atmospheric water returns to the surface of the Earth. Most precipitation falls as rain. |
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| Chemical equation: Photosynthesis |
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| 6CO2 + 6H2O (light)→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Chemical equation: Cellular Respiration
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 (ATP)→ 6CO2 + 6H2O
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4 classes of Biological (organic) Molecules
Primary Function?
One example for each |
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Definition
Proteins: helps repair and build your body's tissues
EX: meat
Carbohydrates: supply energy to all cells in the body
EX: potatoes
Lipids: 1)structural components of cell membranes, 2)function as energy storehouses, and 3)function as important signaling molecules
EX: fats
Nucleic Acid: storage and expression of genomic information
EX: found in all living things
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| What are the monomers for each type of Biological (organic) Molecule: |
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Amino Acid--->Protein
Monosaccharide--->Carbohydrates
Fatty acids--->Lipids
Nucleotide--->Nucleic Acids |
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| what kind of energy does carbon bonds store? |
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Potential energy(chemical energy-the stored energy that can be used to do work):
-which can be used as food for heterotrophic and autotrophic organism |
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| Proteins and Nucleic acids contain____? |
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Nitrogen atoms which are apart of the Nitrogen cycle.
Which is a repeating cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living and non-living things: |
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are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms.
Just like soil bacteria which are important in changing the forms of nitrogen in the soil.
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It provides nitrogen to the soil for plants to grow. It takes a lot of energy to make and transport bags of fertilizer.
3 Examples of nitrogen fertilizers: ammonia, nitrates, nitrites. |
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| a way to breakdown the nutrients and keep them available in a plant friendly form. (can also add nitrogen to the soil instead of fertilizer). |
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any plant from the Fabaceae family that would include its leaves, stems, and pods.
EX: beans, lentils, and peas |
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| Write out the molecular formula for the following forms of carbon (methane, carbon dioxide, glucose). |
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Methane: CH4
Carbon Dioxide: CO₂
Glucose: C6H12O6 |
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| How does photosynthesis move carbon around the spheres of the earth? |
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Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. |
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| How does Cellular Respiration move carbon around the spheres of earth? |
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| When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs, which releases carbon dioxide into the surrounding air or water. Otherwise, anaerobic respiration occurs and releases methane into the surrounding environment, which eventually makes its way into the atmosphere or hydrosphere. |
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| how does diffusion move carbon around the spheres of earth? |
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| Gases containing carbon move between the ocean's surface and the atmosphere through a process called diffusion. |
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| how does burial and sedimentation move carbon around the spheres of earth? |
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| When the animals die, they decompose, and their remains become sediment, trapping the stored carbon in layers that eventually turn into rock or minerals. Some of this sediment might form fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, which release carbon back into the atmosphere when the fuel is burned. |
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| how does eruption move carbon around the spheres of earth? |
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| When volcanoes erupt, magma exits the earth's mantels and lithosphere and trapped carbon dioxide gas is also released out. |
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| how does weathering and erosion move carbon around the spheres of earth? |
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| For example, the weathering of rocks removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The resulting sediments, along with organic material, can be transported (eroded) from the land to enter the ocean where they sink to the bottom. |
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| How does deforestation change the carbon cycle? |
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| refers to the purposeful clearing or thinning of trees and forests. When deforestation occurs, much of the carbon stored by trees is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change. |
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| How does burning fuel in cars change the carbon cycle? |
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| The burning of this fossil material returns this carbon back into atmosphere as carbon dioxide, at a rate that is hundreds to thousands of times faster than it took to bury, and much faster than can be removed by the carbon cycle. |
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| how does burning coal for electricity change the carbon cycle |
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| Humans have a huge effect on the carbon cycle when we burn wood, fossil fuels (such as oil, coal, and natural gas), and other forms of carbon. This action releases the stored carbon into the atmosphere, where it becomes a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb and release heat. |
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| How does farming rice change the carbon cycle? |
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| Traditional rice farming systems require large amounts of water for irrigation, labour for transplanting culms and tending fields, and therefore, emit large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). |
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| How does farming cows change the carbon cycle? |
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| As a by-product of consuming cellulose, cattle belch out methane, there-by returning that carbon sequestered by plants back into the atmosphere. After about ten years, that methane is broken down and converted back to CO2. |
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| How does cement production affect the carbon cycle? |
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| Carbon dioxide is emitted as a by-product of clinker production, an intermediate product in cement manufacture, in which calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is calcinated and converted to lime (CaO), the primary component of cement. CO2 is also emitted during cement production by fossil fuel combustion. |
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| How does planting new trees affect the carbon cycle? |
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| As trees grow, they absorb carbon dioxide from the air, converting the CO2 into plant matter by way of photosynthesis. In the case of trees, wood is produced and is about 50% carbon.It is, in effect, pulling carbon dioxide out of the air. |
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