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1.Religious belief influenced life and literature
2.Man is basically evil; only the “elect” can expect to have a final reward
3.Little poetry, drama, etc. – the “work of the devil”
4.Sermons, diaries, etc. |
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| FROM Of Plymouth Plantation |
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| Here follow Some Verses upon the Burning of our House |
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| Upon a Spider Catching a Fly |
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| The Crucible (compare to Communism; not from the Puritan era) |
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| Traits: wit, restraint, elaborate figures of speech, appeal to intellect, heroic couplets, conformity to rules, emphasis on form, emphasis on prose, elaborate, dignified language, appeal to reason, formal writing |
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from the Autobiography
Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
Saying of Poor Richard |
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| Speech to the Virginia Convention |
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| From the Autobiography: The Declaration of Independence |
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| ROMANTICISM: A revolt against the restrictions of Neoclassicism |
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| 1.Traits: appeal to emotions emphasis on originality, poetry, interest in content, experimentation with forms, simple language, disregard of rules, interest in nature, freedom, sincerity, subjective view |
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| William Cullen Bryant (Fireside Poet) |
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To a Waterfowl
Thanatopsis |
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| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (Fireside Poet) |
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The Cross of Snow
The Ropewalk
The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls |
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| John Greenleaf Whittier (Fireside Poet) |
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| FROM Snow-Bound: A Winder Idyll |
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| Oliver Wendell Holmes (Fireside Poet) |
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Old Ironsides
The Chambered Nautilus |
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| James Russell Lowell (Fireside Poet) |
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| Transcendental Precept #1 |
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| The basic truths of the universe lie beyond the knowledge we obtain from our senses, a knowledge regarded as the mere appearance of things. |
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| Transcendental Precept #2 |
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| Basic truths can be reached only through instinct and intuition and are a matter of private experience, faith, and conviction. |
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| Transcendental Precept #3 |
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| To arrive at a truth, a man must transcend what eyes and ears tell him or what he can learn from books. He must listen to his inner soul. |
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| Transcendental Precept #4 |
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| Men are born different; each should be true to himself. |
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| Transcendental Precept #5 |
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| One should live close to nature and have faith in his consciences and his ideals. |
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| Transcendental Precept #6 |
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| Manual labor is dignified |
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| Transcendental Precept #7 |
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| One must approach God directly as an individual, rather than through an intermediary priest or clergyman. |
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| Transcendental Precept #8 |
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| Man is divine in his own right. |
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| Transcendental Precept #9 |
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| Because all men are divine, mankind is a single, giant brotherhood. |
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Transcendentalism combines the ideals of Romanticism with existing elements of American belief.
• Central Truth: There is some knowledge of reality that man grasps not through logic or the laws of science, but through the intuition of his own divine intellect.
• THEREFORE each person should follow his own beliefs. Intuitive response would be the best course of action in any given situation.
• ALSO, each person is inherently good, capable of making his own decisions, and worthy of the respect of every other human being. |
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
(Transcendentalism)
The Over Soul |
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FROM Nature
FROM Self-Reliance
Concord Hymn
The Rhodora
The Snow-Storm
Emerson’s Aphorisms |
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Henry David Thoreau
(Transcendentalism) |
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FROM Walden, or Life in the Woods
FROM Resistance to Civil Government |
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| Edgar Allan Poe (anti-transcendentalist) |
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Eldorado
Annabel Lee
To Helen
The Raven
(Stories not covered in class):
The Masque of the Red Death
Fall of the House of Usher |
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| Nathaniel Hawthorne (anti-transcendentalist) |
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| The Minister’s Black Veil (represents Puritans) |
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| Herman Melville (anti-transcendentalist) |
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| Walt Whitman (New American) |
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I Hear America Singing
FROM Song of Myself
On the Beach at Night
On the Beach at Night Alone
When I heard the Learned Astronomer
A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim |
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Heart! We will forget him!
Success is counted sweetest
The Soul selects her own Society
-SLANT RHYME-
A Bird came down the Walk
I died for Beauty-but was scarce
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-
If you were coming in the Fall
Because I could not stop for Death-
I never saw a Moor-
Tell all the Truth
Apparently with no surprise
To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee |
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