Term
|
Definition
the original pattern or model from
which all things of the same kind
are copied or on which they are
based; a model or first form;
prototype |
|
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Term
|
Definition
an extravagant statement or
figure of speech not intended
to be taken literally, as “to
wait an eternity.” |
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Term
|
Definition
doubtfulness or uncertainty of
meaning or intention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a figure of speech in which a part is used
for the whole or the whole for a part, the
special for the general or the general for the
special, as in ten sail for ten ships or a
Croesus for a rich man.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
a statement or proposition that seems
self-contradictory or absurd but in reality
expresses a possible truth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the placing of a sentence or one of its
parts against another to which it is
opposed to form a balanced contrast
of ideas, as in “Give me liberty or
give me death.” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a sharp, often virulent satire directed against
an individual or institution; a work of
literature, art, or the like,ridiculing severely the
character or behavior of a person, society, etc.
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|
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Term
|
Definition
a terse saying embodying a general truth,
or astute observation, as “Power tends to
corrupt, and absolute power corrupts
absolutely” (Lord Acton). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
an inference or a conclusion that does not
follow from the premises. a statement
containing an illogical conclusion.
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Term
|
Definition
repetition of a word or words at the beginning
of two or more successive verses, clauses,
or sentences |
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Term
|
Definition
understatement, esp. that in which an
affirmative is expressed by the negative
of its contrary, as in “not bad at all.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a figure of speech by which a locution
produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory
effect, as in “cruel kindness” or
“to make haste slowly.” |
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|
Term
|
Definition
the quality or power in an actual life experience
or in literature, music, speech, or other forms of
expression, of evoking a feeling of pity or
compassion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the moral element in dramatic literature that
determines a character's action rather than
his or her thought or emotion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
an appeal to rational thought and logic |
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Term
|
Definition
a reversal in the order of words in two otherwise
parallel phrases, as in “He went to the country,
to the town went she.” |
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|
Term
|
Definition
the commencement of two or more words
of a word group with the same letter, as
in apt alliteration's artful aid. |
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Term
|
Definition
the correspondence of consonants, esp. those at
the end of a word, in a passage of prose or verse.
the use of the repetition of consonants or consonant
patterns as a rhyming device.
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|
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Term
|
Definition
Also called vowel rhyme. rhyme in which the
same vowel sounds are used with different consonants
in the stressed syllables of the rhyming words, as in
penitent and reticence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the formation of a word, as cuckoo or boom,
by imitation of a sound made by or associated
with its referent |
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|
Term
|
Definition
very informal usage in vocabulary and idiom
that is characteristically more metaphorical,
playful, elliptical, vivid, and ephemeral than
ordinary language, as Hit the road. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary
or familiar conversation rather than formal
speech or writing; informal. involving or
using conversation.
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|
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Term
|
Definition
agreement in direction, tendency, or character;
the state or condition of being parallel. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
composed of or characterized by abruptly
disconnected elements; disjointed: rapid-fire,
staccato speech |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a sentence composed of a simple subject + verb
structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sentence containing two or more coordinate
independent clauses, usually joined by one or
more conjunctions, but no dependent clause, as
The lightning flashed (independent clause)
and (conjunction) the rain fell (independent clause). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sentence containing one or more dependent
clauses in addition to the main clause, as When
the bell rings (dependent clause), walk out
(main clause). |
|
|
Term
compound complex sentence |
|
Definition
a sentence having two or more coordinate
independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses, as The lightning flashed (independent
clause) and the rain fell (independent clause) as
he entered the house (dependent clause). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its
main clause to the end, produces an effect of
suspense, as in Unable to join the others at the
dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a
movie. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by or resulting from accumulation or the
addition of successive parts or elements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a question asked solely to produce an effect
or to make an assertion and not to elicit a reply,
as “What is so rare as a day in June?” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an act or instance of placing close together
or side by side, esp. for comparison or
contrast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any expressive use of language, as a
metaphor, simile, personification, or antithesis,
in which words are used in other than their
literal sense, or in other than their ordinary
locutions, in order to suggest a picture or image
or for other special effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an expression whose meaning is not predictable
from the usual meanings of its constituent elements,
as kick the bucket or hang one's head, or from the
general grammatical rules of a language, as the table
round for the round table, and that is not a
constituent of a larger expression of like characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a comparison between two unlike words that
doesn't use the words: like, as, than, or so much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a comparison between two unlike things which
uses like, as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a similarity between like features of two things,
on which a comparison may be based: the analogy
between the heart and a pump. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any literary or rhetorical device, as metaphor,
metonymy, synecdoche, and irony, that consists
in the use of words in other than their literal sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to make known by signs, speech, or action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to state or represent less strongly or strikingly
than the facts would bear out; set forth in restrained,
moderate, or weak terms: The casualty lists
understate the extent of the disaster. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the identification of a person by an epithet or
appellative that is not the person's name, as
his lordship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation
of a drama and is understood by the audience
but not grasped by the characters in the play.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an outcome that turns out to be very different
from what was expected, the difference between
what is expected to happen and what actually
does |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a figure of speech in which what is said is
the opposite of what is meant, sarcasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reversal of the usual or natural order of words;
anastrophe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the omission of conjunctions, as in “He has
provided the poor with Jobs, with opportunity,
with self-respect.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the use of a number of conjunctions in
close succession. |
|
|
Term
coordinating conjunctions |
|
Definition
a conjunction that connects two grammatical
elements of identical construction, as and
in Sue and Andrea or or in He can't decide
if he should stay or go. |
|
|
Term
subordinating conjunctions |
|
Definition
a conjunction introducing a subordinate
clause, as when in They were glad when
I finished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a clause that modifies the principal clause
or some part of it or that serves a noun function
in the principal clause, as when she arrived in
the sentence I was there when she arrived or
that she has arrived in the sentence I doubt
that she has arrived.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of two or more clauses of equal status in a
sentence, esp. when joined by a coordinating
conjunction, as either The sun came out or the
ice started to melt in The sun came out and the
ice started to melt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sequence according to time of occurrence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of or relating to facility in perceiving relations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
noting a relationship between actions or
events such that one or more are the result
of the other or others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a comic, absurd, or incongruous quality
causing amusement: the humor of a situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a literary composition, in verse or prose, in
which human folly and vice are held up to
scorn, derision, or ridicule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a particular style or manner, as of writing or
speech; mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a speech or writing in praise of a person or
thing, esp. a set oration in honor of a deceased
person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a light, humorous play in which the plot
depends upon a skillfully exploited situation
rather than upon the development of character. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repetition in the first part of a clause or
sentence of a prominent word from the latter
part of the preceding clause or sentence,
usually with a change or extension of meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a figure of speech that consists of the use of
the name of one object or concept for that of
another to which it is related, or of which it is
a part, as “scepter” for “sovereignty,” or “the
bottle” for “strong drink,” or “count heads ” for
“count people.”
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A typical form is “All A is C; all B is A;
therefore all B is C.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the use of a word to modify or govern two
or more words when it is appropriate to only
one of them or is appropriate to each but in
a different way, as in to wage war and peace
or On his fishing trip, he caught three trout
and a cold.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
logos: claim
ethos: author
pathos: evidence
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of the five steps in speech
preparation, the process of choosing
ideas appropriate to the
subject, audience, and occasion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the manner or way in which things are
arranged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the mode of expressing thought in writing
or speaking by selecting and arranging words,
considered with respect to clearness, effectiveness
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the step in the classical preparation of a speech
in which the wording is memorized. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
vocal and bodily behavior during the
presentation of a speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the attribution of a personal nature or character
to inanimate objects or abstract notions, esp.
as a rhetorical figure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the anticipation of possible objections in
order to answer them in advance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the formal statement of the meaning or
significance of a word, phrase, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
style of speaking or writing as dependent
upon choice of words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treatment of or attention to items or
particulars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the placement of words or dependent clauses
in the order of a specific criteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a structure that is divided into classifications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organization based on the pre-determined
intensity of a subject |
|
|
Term
compare and contrast structure |
|
Definition
a structure that focuses on the similarities
and differences of a topic or topics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a passing or casual reference; an incidental
mention of something, either directly or by
implication: an allusion to Shakespeare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the formation of mental images, figures,
or likenesses of things, or of such images
collectively: the dim imagery of a dream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of or relating to the senses or the power of
sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an argument that relies on a warrant, backing,
and rebuttal to prove a claim
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an argument that is rigid and very black and
white in its approach to prove a claim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an argument in which two parties must
compromise before the deliberation may cease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a formal discussion of a subject in speech or
writing, as a dissertation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a style that uses a claim + proof structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a style that emphasizes the "journey" instead
of the "destination", in which the reader
experiences the text |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
he combining of the constituent elements
of separate material or abstract entities into
a single or unified entity (opposed to analysis). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a syllogism or other argument in which a
premise or the conclusion is unexpressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a writing or document certifying or authorizing
something, as a receipt, license, or commission. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aid or support of any kind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to assert as a fact; maintain against denial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a statement presented in justification or
explanation of a belief or action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
marked by intricate and often excessive
detail; complicated.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the implicit or explicit suggestion contained
in a marketer's content in an advertising
banner or Web site copy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the state or fact of being persuaded or
convinced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a discussion involving differing points of view;
debate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a clause that would cause an argument to
be false |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an answer or reply, as in words or in some
action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an argument that appeals to the five senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o: overview
p: parts
t: text/title
i: interrelationship
c: conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
t: title
a: author
g: genre
t: tone
a: audience
p: purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a change in tone that marks an author's
change of attitude toward the topic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tones with opposing and somewhat
paradoxical meanings that provide depth
and contrast to a text |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tones that have similar meanings which
enable the author to express in depth
attitude toward a particular topic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reasoning from detailed facts to general
principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reasoning from the general to the particular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
work that was create by an intellectual which
should not be taken without permission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
he unauthorized use or close imitation of
the language and thoughts of another author
and the representation of them as one's own
original work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an act or instance of viewing or noting a fact
or occurrence for some scientific or other special
purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a formal meeting in which one or more persons
question, consult, or evaluate another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to take a general or comprehensive view of or
appraise, as a situation, area of study, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a test, trial, or tentative procedure; an act or
operation for the purpose of discovering
something unknown or of testing a principle,
supposition, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
experience that one has had, giving them
knowledge on a particular subject |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an amount necessary or sufficient to have a
significant effect or to achieve a result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the parts of a written or spoken statement
that precede or follow a specific word or
passage, usually influencing its meaning
or effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regular public that manifests interest,
support, enthusiasm, or the like; a following |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intimidation approach that is designed to
prevent one's opponent from advancing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allowing no equivocation; being limited in
choice to two options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a dangerous and irreversible course |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expressive of or appealing to sentiment, esp.
the tender emotions and feelings, as love,
pity, or nostalgia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a wagon, usually large and ornately
decorated, for carrying a musical band while
it is playing, as in a circus parade or to a
political rally |
|
|
Term
appeal to false authority |
|
Definition
an appeal to an authority that is false in
order to attack the opposition's argument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dogmatic character; unfounded positiveness
in matters of opinion; arrogant assertion
of opinions as truths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a term used in political debate, usually to
criticize any denial that a moral hierarchy can
be assessed of two sides in a conflict, or in
the actions or tactics of two sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
appealing to one's prejudices, emotions, or
special interests rather than to one's intellect
or reason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
logical fallacy of faulty generalization by
reaching an inductive generalization based
on insufficient evidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
assumption that because one event follows
another, the second necessarily causes the first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
logical fallacy in which the proposition to
be proved is assumed implicitly in premise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
he use of equivocal or ambiguous expressions,
esp. in order to mislead or hedge; prevarication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fabricated or conveniently weak or innocuous
person, object, matter, etc., used as a seeming
adversary or argument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an informal fallacy applying to inductive
arguments. It is often mistakenly considered
to be a formal fallacy, but it is not, because
a false analogy consists of an error in the
substance of an argument (the content of the
analogy itself), not an error in the logical
structure of the argument. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
something intended to divert attention
from the real problem or matter at hand;
a misleading clue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs where the wrong conclusion is
drawn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of or designating something that is added
or run on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a part broken off or detached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mark or marks as ——,…, or ***,
to indicatean omission or
suppression of letters or words.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
debaters wear out the opposition by just
repeating arguments until they get sick of
the whole thing and give in |
|
|
Term
argumentum ad ignorantiam |
|
Definition
the fallacy of appealing to the testimony
of an authority outside his special field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fallacy in which a person "justifies" an
action against a person by asserting that the
person would do the same thing to him/her |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distinct or marked, as a contrast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the act of restraining, holding back,
controlling, or checking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
keen or strong in mental appeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
showing or implying a usually patronizing
descent from dignity or superiority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
showing or expressing contempt or disdain;
scornful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to make known publicly; proclaim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
appreciably superior or imposing; winning;
sizable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
having or showing compassion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
firm, strict, or uncompromising |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of uncertain outcome or result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in a state of mental or nervous strain;
high-strung; taut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pertaining to or characterized by pessimism;
gloomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disposed to take a favorable view of events
or conditions and to expect the most
favorable outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
displaying or indicative of an offensively
condescending manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by melancholy; longing;
yearning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
affording comfort or solace. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of warlike character; aggressively hostile; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disinclined or indisposed to believe; skeptical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acting in opposition; opposing,
esp. mutually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of, pertaining to, or characteristic
of an enemy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extremely bold or daring;
recklessly brave; fearless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vibrating so as to produce sound,
as a string |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
providing no hope; beyond optimism or
hope; desperate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bearing provocation, annoyance, misfortune,
delay, hardship, pain, etc., with fortitude and
calm and without complaint, anger, or the like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
containing an apology or excuse for a fault,
failure, insult, injury, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
full of, characterized by,
or involving mystery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by humor;
funny; comical |
|
|