phonemic awareness

the ability to consciously manipulate individual phonemes in a spoken language

phonemes

the smallest unit of speech that distinguishes one word from another

graphemes

the smallest unit (letter or digraph) of a written system

phonemic awareness strategies

• Elknonin Boxes
• Blending sounds to say a word
• Resource:www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101/phonemic

sound-isolation activities

• Identify beginning or ending sounds of words
• Alliteration poems or phrases
• Key words for each letter (i.e. Sammy Snake)

sound-blending activities

• Elkonin Boxes
• word families
• Resource: http://www.readinga-z.com/phonological-awareness/phonological-awareness-lessons/

Elkonin Boxes

phonemic awareness assessment tools

• Yopp-Singer Assessment
• Identify rhyming words
• Blend isolated sounds to produce a word

phonics

the systematic relationship between letters and sounds

letters + sounds = phonics

consonant digraphs

two letters represent one sound

sh, ch, th, wh

consonant blends

two- or three-letter sequences that are blended together

bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl, br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr, sc, scr, sk, sp, st, squ, sw

vowel digraphs

two letters that represent one sound

ai, ea, ee, oa, oo

diphthongs

one vowel sound glides to the next vowel sound in the same syllable

oi, oy, ou, ow

R-controlled vowels

r influences the way the preceding vowel is pronounced

ar, ar+e, ur, ir, or, ore

phonograms

the grapheme(s) that represent the phoneme in a word; onset and rimes

onset

the initial consonant sound(s) in a word

/s/ in sun or /sl/ in slide

word ladders

games where children change one word into another through a series of steps, altering one letter at each step; the goal is to use as few steps as possible to change the first word into the last word

running records

teachers observe individual children as they read aloud and record information to analyze their reading fluency

simile

a comparison signaled by the use of like or as

metaphor

compares two things by implying one thing is the other, without using

like or as

Fry Readability Graph

a graph used to predict the grade-level score for texts

Lexile Framework

measures both children's reading levels and the difficulty level of books

Fountas and Pinnell's

Leveled Books

a text gradient that arranges books along a continuum from easiest to hardest using 10 variables

Three Tiers of Words

1. Basic Words
2. Academic Vocabulary
3. Specialized Terms

reading logs

journals in which children write their reactions to books they are reading or listening to the teacher read aloud

book talks

brief teasers that teachers give to introduce books and interest children in reading them

Informal Reading Inventories

an individually administered reading test used to determine children's independent, instructional, and frustration levels

Language Assessment Scales

assessments of English Language Learners in the following areas: reading, writing, listening, speaking, and comprehension

Resource: https://www.ctb.com/ctb.com/control/ctbProductViewAction?p=products&productId=780

open-mind portrait

children draw open-mind portraits to help them think more deeply about a character, reflect on story events from the character's point of view, and analyze the theme

learning logs

used during thematic units; booklets in which children record information, write questions, summarize big ideas, draw diagrams, and reflect on learning

homonyms

words that sound alike or

are spelled alike

(homographs, homophones, homographic homophones)

Student Oral Language Observation

an assessment of oral language development based on teacher observations

Resource: http://www.cal.org/twi/evaltoolkit/appendix/solom.pdf

homophones

words that sound alike,

but are spelled differently

(ate-eight, hear-here)

choral reading

students read the same text in unison

language experience approach

students dictate a story or sentences to the teacher based on a shared learning experience

grand conversations

an authentic discussion about a book and led by the students

interactive writing

the teacher "shares the pen" with a student and verbally guides the child as he/she writes on a chart

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syntax/syntactical

how words are out together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences; the structure of a language

pragmatics

the study of what words mean in particular social situations

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills

"describes the development of conversational fluency in the second language"

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Cognitive Academic Language (CALP)

"the use of language in decontextualized

academic situations for second language learners"

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Assessment of Literacy and Language (ALL)

"assesses spoken language and written language skills including: listening comprehension, language comprehension, semantics, syntax, phonological awareness, phonics, and concepts about print"

Resource: https://www.pearsonclinical.com.au/productdetails/22/1/58

Teacher Rating of Oral Language (TROLL)

a teacher's perception of a child's emergent literacy skills based on observations and anecdotal notes

Resource: http://www-tc.pbs.org/teacherline/courses/rdla200/docs/s2_rt.pdf

Concepts About Print (CAP)

basic understanding about the way print works, including the direction of print, spacing, punctuation, letters, and words

Schema Theory

knowledge is organized into cognitive structures; describes how children learn;Piaget's assimilation and accommodation

Engagement Theory

engaged learners are intrinsically motivated; they do more reading and writing; students are confident they will reach their goals

Situated Learning Theory

learning is a function of the activity, context, and culture in which it occurs; children learn best through authentic and meaningful activities

Critical Literacy

language is means for social action

and students can be agents of

social change

Information Processing

compares the mind to a computer and describes how information moves through a series of processing units-sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Transactive Theory

comprehension, or interpretation, is the result of a two-way transaction between the reader and the text

metacognition

awareness or analysis of one's own thinking or learning

literature circles

children choose a book from several book sets and form a book club to read the book; they develop a reading and discussion schedule

environmental print

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alphabetic  principle

a letter or combination of letters represent a sound

homograph

words are spelled alike, but are pronounced differently

(wind, bow, record)

Sociocultural Theory

reading and writing are viewed as social activities that reflect the culture and community

rime

composed of the vowel and any remaining consonants within a syllable

/ag/ in tag