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| rooted in 18th and 19th century; aesthetic mode that breaks away from classical demands of art (show life how it should be)- and instead shows life as it is; portrays the world through a lens of objectivity and neutrality- observational mode |
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| works within the same modes of Realism, but does it in order to convey a philosophical position in the belief that everything that is exists is part of nature and can be explained by natural and material causes, and not ever by supernatural, spiritual, or paranormal causes |
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| written by Isaac Watts and found in all of Dickenson's poems; traditional ballad form; 4 line stanzas, rhyme scheme ABCB or ABAB |
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| used in Emily Dickenson's Poetry; 4 iambic feet in lines 1 & 3, and 3 iambic feet in lines 2 & 4 |
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| rhyme that occurs in lines 2 & 4 |
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| 1890is-1939ish; situated narration; scrambled sequence; character perceived through existential investigation; language/style opaque and dense, language subject to investigation |
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| 1701)Act of Parliament that thereafter regulated the succession to the English throne. It decreed that if King died without issue, the crown was to pass to granddaughter Sophie of Hanover (1630 – 1714) and her Protestant heirs. |
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| The war between the American colonies and Great Britain (1775-1783), leading to the formation of the independent United States. |
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| the greatest period of Roman literature, adorned by the poets Virgil, Ovid, Horace, and Propertius. Along with the preceding period, which was dominated by Cicero, it forms the Golden Age of Latin literature. |
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| First 10 amendments to the Constitution of the United States, adopted as a group in 1791. They are a collection of guarantees of individual rights and of limitations on federal and state governments that derived from popular dissatisfaction with the limited guarantees of the Constitution. |
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| The religious doctrines of John Calvin, emphasizing the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God's grace alone. |
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| an English soldier, explorer, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Virginia Indian girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. |
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| sailed from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, landing in the "new world" of the Americas and gaining lasting fame. Using ships and money provided by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille, he sailed west in search of a sea passage to India. |
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| a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology. |
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| One of the father of the novel; generally considered to be England's first true novelist. His book Robinson Crusoe (1719), the tale of a sailor shipwrecked alone on a deserted island, is a classic of English literature. |
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| A poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person. |
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| writer of moralizing amatory tales; one of the important founders of the novel in English. |
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| Age of Reason/Enlightenment |
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| An era in which rationalism prevails, especially the period of the Enlightenment in England, France, and the United States;A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms |
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| Novel in the form of a series of letters written by one or more characters. It allows the author to present the characters' thoughts without interference, convey events with dramatic immediacy, and present events from several points of view. |
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| In English history, the events of 1688 – 89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband William III. |
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| (1689) British law, one of the basic instruments of the British constitution. It incorporated the provisions of the Declaration of Rights, which William III and Mary II accepted upon taking the throne. Its main purpose was to declare illegal various practices of James II, such as the royal prerogative of dispensing with the law in certain cases. |
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| (1726), a prose satire by Jonathan Swift. |
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| (1642-1727) author of the Opticks and influential Thomson's poem Winter; explained laws of light and color |
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| In British history, a supporter of the exiled Stuart king James II and his descendants after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The movement was strong in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and it included Catholics and Anglican Tories. |
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| A former village of southeast Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in America. It was founded in May 1607 and named for the reigning monarch, James I. |
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| John Foex's The Acts and Monuments of the Church (aka) "The Book of Martyrs" |
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| an account of Christian martyrs throughout Western history from the first century through the early sixteenth centuries, emphasising the sufferings of English Protestants and proto-Protestants from the fourteenth century through the reign of Mary I. First published in 1563 |
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| signed aboard the May-flower on 11 November 1620 by the ship's forty-one free adult men, served as the basis for Plymouth Colony's government throughout its history. |
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| A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint |
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| A lyric poem of some length, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanzaic structure. |
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| Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded |
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| an epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson, first published in 1740. The story was widely mocked at the time for its perceived licentiousness and it inspired Henry Fielding (among many others) to write two parodies |
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| Of or relating to a genre of usually satiric prose fiction originating in Spain and depicting in realistic, often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social degree living by his or her wits in a corrupt society. |
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| a doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world; the belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins, even their original sin. |
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| God's fore-knowledge, beneficent care, and governance over the universe at large and human affairs in particular |
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| Movement in the late 16th and 17th century that sought to "purify" the Church of England, leading to civil war in England and to the founding of colonies in North America. |
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| a periodical by Samuel Johnson published on Tuesdays and Saturdays from 1750 to 1752; typically discussed subjects such as morality, literature, society, politics, and religion. |
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| 1660- Marked the return of Charles II as king following the period of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. The period, which also included the reign of James II (1685 – 88), was marked by an expansion in colonial trade, the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and a revival of drama and literature |
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| 1689-1761, English novelist,He is best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), and Joseph Andrews; one of the father's of the English Novel |
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| A literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit; literary art of diminishing/derogating a subject by making it ridiculous. Lives within comedy |
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| English literary group formed about 1713 to satirize "all the false tastes in learning." Among its chief members were Arbuthnot, Gay, Thomas Parnell, Pope, and Swift. |
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| a genre of non-fiction prose that dominated Protestant writing during the seventeenth century, particularly in England, particularly that of dissenters. The narrative follows the believer from a state of damnation to a state of grace |
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| (1673) Act passed by the British Parliament that required holders of civil and military offices to profess the established religion and to receive Holy Communion according to the rites of the Church of England. |
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| A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832;supported the hereditary right of James, the Catholic duke of York (later James II), to succeed to the throne of England. |
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| A member of an 18th- and 19th-century British political party that was opposed to the Tories.opposed the succession of the Catholic James II to the throne and thence to those who supported the ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1689. |
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| Anglo-American Puritan leader of Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts; the ruling elder of the Separatist group at Scrooby, England, before he and the congregation migrated to Holland and, finally, to New Plymouth in America. |
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| A form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or other authority; romanticism attempts to fuse reason and imagination; fuse God, Nature, & the self |
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| Britain bans the importation of African Slaves |
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| Britain abolishes slavery |
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| a set of aesthetic practices that emerge out of the historical and philosophic circumstances of the late 18th century; importantly recognized that something was lost from life, which rationally drove literature's agenda and range of possibilities; focused on Revolution, passion, imagination, and the Poet |
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| Imagination in Romanticism |
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| One of the definitive features of Romanticism that asserts supreme human creative faculty and the belief in the possibility to recreate the world |
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| Historical Developments that Shaped the formation of Romanticism: Revolution |
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| profoundly influenced and shaped by the social upheaval of the French Revolution (1789-1799); witnessed the destruction of feudal structures, the dismissal of Monarch; Poets drew on optimism and sense of new beginnings stemming from the promise of the Revolution; founded on the principle that humans are endowed with endless possibilities toward infinite good |
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| the poet is the new hero, the new human creator; 2 functions: (1) critique the world as it is because people have failed to imagine it otherwise; (2) Recreate the world in the form the poet sees fit |
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| Nature is seen as the framework for elevating human experience, but not nature poets. |
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| integration of the visual and the verbal through engravings and writing |
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| the power of sympathy and freedom from self consciousness which peculiarly characterizes the artist. Asserts that (1) the artist will be satisfied with half knowledge, (2) act of poet becoming so absorbed in the act of creation- he exists within it |
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| "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world" |
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| Shelley quote; 2 Interpretations: (1) 21st century interpretation- life sucks, a poet can do nothing with the time period; (2) all good poetry enacting what Shelley is suggesting- through words, poets rock the world. Language shapes the way the world is perceived at any moment. |
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| One of the important philosopher's of the sublime; 18th century philosophy (1729-1797); His definition of sublime- things which are in any sort terrible, excites ideas of pain and danger; provided that the observer is in a position safe from danger; powerful, vast in size, beautiful & terrifying, viewed from a distance; ex.) lino in Charlotteville. |
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| East Prussian Philosopher of the Sublime (1724-1804); important for his theories of subjectivity- falls under the category of German Idealism- personal understanding is the source of truth; idealism |
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| developed by Immanuel Kant; philosophical movement that asserted human consciousness is shaped in a particular way |
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| Romanticism's Philosophical Frame |
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| Frame of Romanticism not entirely separate from the social dynamics of the period; reacts and draws on the transformations occurring in social and economic sphere; Ideas of the French Revolution and Idealism. |
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| One of the main strands of philosophy in the 18th century; Suggests the Empiricism cannot explain everything; reaches for totality, tries to explain everything |
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| One of the 2 main strands of Philosophy in 18th century; only through the senses do we know things- exhausting |
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| (1688-1722) Philosopher that greatly influenced Ralph Waldo Emerson; said that you can read the bible and biblical interpretation could reveal the word of God; Biblical interpretation= immediate word of God |
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| 3 Key Emersonian Assertions |
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(1) Supreme importance of the Individual
(2) Superiority of Intuition to Intellect
(3) Spiritual Power of nature and the individual human being |
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| American Literary/philosophical/quasi religious formation (1836-1860's); sserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. |
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| a quality of awesome grandeur in art or nature, which some 18th‐century writers distinguished from the merely beautiful. |
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| an essay published by Ralph Waldo Emerson; For Emerson the term denotes a supreme underlying unity which transcends duality or plurality |
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| a broad category of Protestantism that stresses free use of reason in religion is good; God exists as one person, denying the divinity of Jesus; religious context of Transcendentalism; |
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| Boer War (South African War) |
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| A war fought from 1899 to 1902 between an alliance of the Boer governments of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State on the one hand and Great Britain on the other, over the sovereignty and commercial rights in these lands; important event because Britain lost; it was consequently seen as the decline of the British Empire. |
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| (1799-1888)Friend of Emerson; a part of the Transcendental Club. |
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| (1853-1856)War fought mainly in the Crimea between the Russians and an alliance consisting of the Ottoman empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia-Piedmont. |
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| A literary, usually verse composition in which a speaker reveals his or her character, often in relation to a critical situation or event, in a monologue addressed to the reader or to a presumed listener. |
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| (1787-1799)Romanticism is profoundly influenced and shaped by the upheaval; witnessed the destruction of feudal structures, dismissal of monarchy; poets drew on the optimism and the sense of a new beginning stemming from the promise; founded on the premise that humans are endowed with endless possibilities towards infinite good- democracy |
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| (1712-1778) Wrote the Social Contract (1762), a foundational Philosophical way of thinking that emerged out of the French Revolution; asserted that citizens should govern themselves through "general will;" promoted liberty, quality, and fraternity; he is seen as the philosophical mind behind the French Revolution |
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| published in 1851; Herman Melville's most successful novel |
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| A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint. |
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| Artistic concept and style of the late 18th and early 19th century characterized by a preoccupation with architecture and landscape in pictorial combination with each other. In Britain, the picturesque was defined as an aesthetic quality marked by pleasing variety, irregularity, asymmetry, and interesting textures |
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| 1832; emblematic moment of compromise; life got a little better for some people; regulated enterprise and improved conditions for workers; response to the deplorable conditions of workers |
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| emerged to promote reform for the worker's class; fought for annual elections, voting by ballots, equal electoral districts, abolition of owning land to vote, and members of parliament paid; became a significant force and created a tremendous amount of anxiety among the ruling classes. |
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| 1867; enabled more people to vote; established Education Act in which primary education was demanded for all children, in an attempt to abolish illiteracy and end rampant children running around the streets; brought about by a conservative government that lost reelection in 1868 |
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| along with Locke & Hume, he was one of the founders of modern Empiricism;Unlike Locke, he did not believe that there exists any material substance external to the mind, but rather that objects exist only as collections of sensible ideas. |
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| The perception an individual has about a situation or phenomenon; theorized by Immanuel Kant: categories of human consciousness that are the world; certain faculties of the mind that can do certain things; personal understanding is the supreme criterion of truth |
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| transcendental magazine published by members of the Transcendental Club, including Emerso |
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| Of or relating to a category of poetry that expresses subjective thoughts and feelings, often in a songlike style or form; expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet and is sometimes contrasted with narrative poetry and verse drama, which relate events in the form of a story. |
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