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| “The Intentional Fallacy” |
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| “Nature of Linguistic Sign” |
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| "The Communist Manifesto” |
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| "Preface to A contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy" |
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| "The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof |
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| "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" |
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| “Literature” from Marxism and Literature |
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| "The Interpretation of Dreams" |
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| "Sexual life of Human Beings" |
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Plato;
art (meaning literature) is a representation of life, placing it two generations away from the Form
since art is mimetic, it must originate with the author (or in a more general sense, the artist), which leads to an increase in the importance of the artist’s intention. |
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| Wimsatt and Beardsley; - the assumption/attitude that the poet’s intentions are a guiding rule for finding the meaning of the text |
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| Wimsatt and Beardsley; the error of judging a poem based on the emotional response of the reader |
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Clench Brooks; the idea that it is a heretical abomination to paraphrase a poem; “the artist does not first intuit his object and then find the appropriate medium”
“the same rational meaning will exist if the phrase is changed/paraphrased, however the meaning/impact is lost in these ‘translations’, the poem loses its ability to generate emotion |
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Shkolvsky; makes normal things “weird”; violence committed on normal language
Art exists that one may recover the sensation of life—make objects unfamiliar and increase the difficulty and length of perception in order to ‘make the stone stony’ (20-21) |
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Leaves and Richards;
focusing on what’s on the page; the old way of literary theory
Literature is the best, its timeless and transcendent
tells the truth, universal truth
meaning of literature is self contained
there’s a literary essence, its intrinsic in the literature |
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| Sausurre; sound image; it’s important because it’s the naming classification of language/ how words come about- emphasis that it is random there is no ‘essence’ |
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Sausurre;
Language in the abstract; language per se; the concept of language
-social side of speech (impersonal system out of the individuals control, in which the individ is subject TO the speech) and also purely conventional |
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Sausurre;Actual utterances/words/sentences, not important/ or interested in, langue is imminent in the parole;
coined these terms in order to break away from the original school of thought, allows us to thin about language on his terms instead of ‘scholarly terms’ |
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| "language is a system of signs, only one kind of sign system” |
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Marx;
Production of commodities
Creating surplus value/profit
Based on alienation of worker from product they are making |
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Marx; Is an economic structure (How your society is organized, How it does business - through material conditions
The Base is what creates the Superstructure. the Superstructure being everything else such as the “legal, political, cultural form of society.”
The Superstructure is determined by the base - different base, different structure. |
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Althusser;
"acts or functions in such a way that it recruits individs or transforms the indivd into subjects"
unconscious structural mechanism whose only job is to produce subjects. |
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Althusser;
a representation of the imaginary relationship of individuals to the real conditions of their existence |
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Althusser;
is the way in which ideology ‘hails’ a subject
The subject through responding to that hail thus partakes in ideology. This however isn’t a chronological event, the subject is always-already hailed and taking part in ideology |
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Freud
the fundamental force inside you that you’re completely unaware of
has a logic of its own, not some free flowing decision making force |
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Freud
Everyday examples of the unconscious at work:
Freudian slip- argues against rationality
“Just not testicle (instead of testable)”
breast and the brightest
way of thinking about how the psyche is constructed – not something natural or self-derived
revolutionary b/c he considered there might be purely mental causes to neurosis |
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Freud;
what the objects represent is what is actually stimulating (the missing maternal phallus)
fetishism is NOT NORMAL (results from improperly resolved OC)
a symbolic way of controlling an unacceptable truth |
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| “But defamiliarization is not only a technique of the erotic riddle—a technique of euphemism—it is also the basis and point of all riddles.” |
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| Wimsatt, Beardsley, The Intentional Fallacy, 1233 |
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| “Intention has obvious affinities for the author’s attitude toward his work, the way he felt, what made him write.” |
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| Wimsatt, Beardsley, The Affective Fallacy, 1255. |
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| “As the systematic affective critic professes to deal not merely, if at all, with his own experiences, but with those of persons in general, his most resolute search for evidence will lead him into the dreary and antiseptic laboratory, to testing with Fechner the effects of triangles and rectangles…” |
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| Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn, 1222. |
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| “If we allow ourselves to be misled by the heresy of paraphrase, we run the risk of doing even more violence to the internal order of the poem itself.” |
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| Saussure, Course in General Linguistics“ |
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| The signifier, being auditory, is unfolded in time from which it gets the following characteristics: (a) it represents a span, and (b) the span is measurable in a single dimension; it is a line.” |
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