1. Individual fatty acids are the main storage forms of energy (T/F)

2. How do fatty acids release energy?

1. True, individual fatty acids are the main storage form of energy.

2. Broken down into CO2 and H2O which releases energy.

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Long carbon chain, Carboxylic Acid

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having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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NOMENCLATURE

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1. What types of fatty acids are these?
2. What are the blue heads?
3. Which is more permeable and why?

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1. Saturated (tightly packed) and unsaturated (loosely packed).
2. The blue heads are carboxylates.
3. Saturated is more permeable becauase they're much more loosely held. Saturated Tm is lower because less heat is needed to split it.

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List the following attributes of n-hexadecanoic acid

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List the following attributes of n-octadecanoic acid

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List the following attributes of cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid

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List the following attributes of cis-,cis-,cis-,cis-5,8,11,14-Icosatertraenoic acid

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All of our naturally occuring fatty acids are cis (z) double bond containing. 

This relates to partially hydrogenated fats where one of the bonds changes from cis-->trans from heating. This makes it indigestible.

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The protien carriers in the bloodstream that enhances solubility.

It traffics fats to/from the fat cells by picking them up from the blood and moving them to the fat cell.

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Name and label this structure

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Human Serum Albumin

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It is immiscible.

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Storage fat requires dense packing. The organization of the fat affects how easy it is to acces and use.

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The fat occupies almost the entire cell

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Name and describe these structures:

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Triglycerol

1. 3 fatty acids
2. 1 glycerol backbone
3. very nonpolar

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Name and describe this structure

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Glycerol:

a 3-carbon backbone that is found in triglycerol

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What are natural fats succeptible to?

and how did humans attempt to fix that?

Natural fats are succeptible to oxidation (oxidative damage). Double bonds allow for wierd, undesirable reactions.

Partial hydrogenation was initially used to combat this. They would toss a bunch of H's at the pi-bonds under very high heat which would get rid of most of the double bonds.

However the remaining pi-bond would switch from cis to trans stereochem causing the fat to have longer shelf life because it's more stable. But we can't digest trans-fats so it's really harmful for us.

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1. longer chains
2. saturation

both of these increase Tm (melting point) because more heat is needed to split the fat

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Label the axes and describe the graph:

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This is a graph of fat integrity, showing the relationship between the fat saturation and appearance of the fat.

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It has long saturated chains:

1. more solid
2. higher caloric content and energy stored
3. insulation

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Describe waxes:

• composition
• energy level
• relationship with water

• esters of fats
• used for energy storage - has high Tm
• water replusion and prevention of evaporation

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water resistance & prevention of evaporation:

• Hair
• Skin
• Feathers (hydrophobic)
• Plan surface (waxy cuticle)

We also have ear wax...individual to each person as a consequence of what you eat and is exported from cells

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Name this type of compound and its compartments:

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This is a wax:

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1. Barriers
2. Structural support
3. Independent compartments
4. An evironment for protiens that allow controlled movement of things through membrane and other functions 

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Phospholipids: glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids

Glycolipids: sphingolipids

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A phosphoglyceride consists of:

1. Two fatty acid tails
• saturated on end
• unsaturated inside
2. Glycerol with phosphate linked to "head" group substituent
• head determines the name
• charge is important

Don't worry about stereochem.

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Identify the molecule and label the green shaded areas:

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This is a Phosphoglyceride:

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Subsituent and molecule type:

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substituent: --

Phosphoglyceride: Phosphotic acid

This is the parent structure of phosphoglycerides

net charge @ ph7 = -2 OR -1

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Subsituent and molecule type: 

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substituent: ethanolamine

Phosphoglyceride: Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

net charge @ ph7 = 0

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Subsituent and molecule type: 

substituent: choline

Phosphoglyceride: Phosphatidylcholine (PC)

net charge @ ph7 = 0

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Subsituent and molecule type:

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substituent: Serine

Phosphoglyceride: Phosphatidylserine (PS)

net charge @ ph7 = -1

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Subsituent and molecule type:

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substituent: Glycerol

Phosphoglyceride: Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

net charge @ ph7 = -1

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Subsituent and molecule type: 

substituent: myo-Insitol 4,5-biphosphate

Phosphoglyceride:

Phosphatidyinsitol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2)

net charge @ ph7 = 0

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Subsituent and molecule type:

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substituent: Phosphatidyl-glycerol

Phosphoglyceride: cardiolipin

net charge @ ph7 = 0

(two phosphoglycerides linked together, one is looking the other in the mirror)

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This is a (special) phosphoglyceride:

an ether linked fatty acid

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This is a (special) phosphoglyceride:

an ether linked fatty acid

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PAF = Platelet-activating factor (or thrombocyte). It is a signal in inflammation.

• Made by a lot of cells including platelets
• this means that one platelet can activate many other platelets
• They are involved in clotting

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Thrombocytes

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They don't have a nucleus. They're basically cell fragments.

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The formation of a blood clot.

1. Stage 1: platelets attach to endothelium
2. Stage 2: platelets start releasing fibrin and begin to seal the endothelium
3. Stage 3: fibrin network traps the red blood cells and completely seals the endothelium

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Label

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Identify:

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Plasmalogen (ether linked phosphoglyceride)

It is found in high quantities in heart tissue, the brain, and the myelin sheath.

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Identify:

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Platelet Activating Factor (PAF - ether linked phosphoglyceride)

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ether linkage in the fatty acid on end

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Molecules that break up the surface tension between water molecules (by breaking up water molecules). They are located at the water/air interface and allow us to breathe much more easily. They are secreted by epithelial cells.

 A specific example is dipalmitoyl phosphotidyl choline.

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It has high surface tension from hydrogen bonding and a lack of interactions above them. Surface area is also minimized. This would make it incredibly difficult to breathe.

The problem is solved with lung surfactants, a mixture of lipids and protiens secreted by epithelial cells. They break up water molecules in our lungs allowing us to breathe.

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Label:

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Phosphoglycerides: Glycerol backbone.

Sphingolipids: Sphingosine backbone.

Both have 2 long carbon tails. On a phosphoglyceride they're both (two) fatty acids. On a sphingolipid one is part of the (sphingosine) head group, the other is the (only) fatty acid. Sphingosine backbone (head group) is much bigger than Glycerol.

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Sphingolipid

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double bond just like phosphoglyceride, but different because not ether linked.

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Sphingomyelins

Glycosphingolipids (specific examples)

• Cerebrosides (neutral glycolipids, simpler)
• Globocides (lactosylceramide, more complex & branched)
• Gangliocides (Ganglioside GM2, more complex & branched) 
• contains at least one 

• A type of neural tissue.
• The most abundant form of Sphingolipids.
• Can form with head groups
• phosphoethanolamine
• phosphocholine

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