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voiceless glottal stop
uhhh |
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| voiceless labiodental fricative |
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voiceless alveopalatal affricate
ch |
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think phones
smallest meaningful unit in a language
a sign of language
an association of linguistic meaning and its form |
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think phoneme
collection of allomorphs |
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think allophones
shwah-d, d, and t are three different allomorphs for the past tense morph |
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a morph that can stand alone as a word
a single word consisting of one morph |
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| a morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word |
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bounded morph
[categories] |
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| prefixes, suffixes, and stems [like rasp from raspberry] |
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the core meaning of the word
like, in irreplaceable
replace |
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| anything that an affix can attach to |
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modify a stem
can either change the meaning or change the part of speech |
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attaches to the beginning of the word
ex. pre-, re-, un-, post-, anti- |
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attaches before the stressed syllable
ex. fan-damn-tastic or abso-fucking-lutely
only expletive infixation in English |
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attaches at the end of the word
ex. -ly, -tion, -ment, -able, -ity |
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attaches on both ends of the stem
2 coordinated affixes that cannot function alone
none in English
ex. chokma --> ik-chokma-o |
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Definition
roots or morphemes that are obligated by the topic
tend to be fairly concrete
less frequent than the opposite
specific ones are less frequent. will find dog less than...
ex. happy will likely show up in a sentence about happiness
includes stressed syllables
can add to this list with new nouns and verbs |
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Definition
obligated by grammar
present, past, future tenses...
pronouns, prepositions, auxillary verbs, conjunctions
tend to be fairly abstract
ex. of
very frequent, but finite |
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Definition
obligated by grammar
present, past, future tenses...
pronouns, prepositions, auxillary verbs, conjunctions
tend to be fairly abstract
ex. of
very frequent, but finite
unstressed syllables
closed list |
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change the grammatical function of the word
can add suffixes
includes all prefixes and some suffixes
an open list- aholic is new |
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not suffixable
do not change grammatical functino of the word
past tense, progressive, plural, past participle, etc.
all these are suffixes, but not all suffixes are these |
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thematic
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes] |
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Definition
| presence is directly determined by what we're talking about [theme] |
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concreteness
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes] |
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Definition
| they tend to express somewhat concrete meanings |
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infrequency
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes] |
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Definition
| individually, they are very infrequent |
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open-set membership
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes] |
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Definition
members of large sets which regularly gain new members
nouns, verbs, etc. |
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stress
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes] |
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Definition
| in languages which, like English, distinguish stressed and unstressed syllables, they almost always have a stressed syllable |
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obligation
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes] |
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| obligated by the grammar of the language |
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abstractness
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes] |
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Definition
| "abstract meanings, having to do with the relationships of the grammar, such as tense of verbs, hearer-knowledge of nouns, and clauses conjunction" |
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frequency
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes] |
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Definition
| very frequent, as a group and individually, certainly compared to lexical morphemes |
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closed-set membership
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes] |
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| members of sets which will get new numbers relatively infrequently, including pronouns, determiners, prepositions, and affixes expressing categories like verb tense and noun plurality |
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stress
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes] |
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Definition
| generally lack stress in languages which distinguish stressed v. unstressed syllables |
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Term
function
[3 characteristics of inflectional (grammatical) affixes] |
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Definition
there's no function change
they don't change the function of the word or morpheme to which they are added
-s, -ed, etc. |
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productivity
[3 characteristics of inflectional (grammatical) affixes] |
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Definition
| one imagines new uses of the inflectional affixes in new words, applying rules that are already in use. ex. a brand new verb in the past tense would likely still be constructed by attaching -ed on the end. |
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nonsuffixability
[3 characteristics of inflectional (grammatical) affixes] |
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Definition
in English, may not ordinarily be followed by other suffixes.
ex. once you add the -s, you're done. |
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plural suffix of nouns
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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Definition
/z/, -s
ex. pigs, cows, etc. |
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the possessive suffix, ordinarily of nouns
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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Definition
/z/, -'s
ex. Hyde's, Saint Louis's, etc.
suffixable to whatever word ends the possessor phrase |
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the possessive suffix, ordinarily of nouns
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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Definition
/z/, -'s
ex. Hyde's, Saint Louis's, etc.
suffixable to whatever word ends the possessor phrase |
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Term
past tense suffix of verbs
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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Definition
/d/, -ed
ex. arrived, waited, typed |
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Term
comparative suffix of adjectives
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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Definition
/ǝr/, -er
ex. quicker, smarter, earlier
NOT finder, doer (these are derivational affixes) |
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the present participle suffix of verbs
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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Definition
/ɪŋ/, -ing
ex. walking, thinking |
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the superlative suffix of adjectives
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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Definition
/ǝst/, -est
ex. quickest, smartest, etc. |
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the past participle of some verbs
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes] |
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a word that has two, not neatly separated, meanings
ex. men- man and noun plural |
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