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The part of grammar that is concerned with words and word formation and structure
The study of how words are constructed out of morphemes
The rules governing the internal structure of words and the interrelationships that exist among words |
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The smallest free unit in a language that carries information about meaning or function
Cannot be broken down any further into meaningful units-cat |
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| 4 points regarding morphemes |
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Definition
Morphemes are distinct from syllables
Alligator-one morpheme but 4 syllables
Identical spellings do not indicate identical morphemes
The definition of morpheme as minimal unit with more or less constant meaning associated with more or less form is a general rule |
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| The goal of morphological analysis |
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Determine the rules that speakers actually follow for forming words in a particular language
Morphemes boundaries shift and change; origin and use can determine meaning |
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Words that consist of a single morpheme
They cannot be divided into smaller units that carry information about meaning and function |
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| Words that contain 2 or more morphemes |
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| Have a sense or meaning: nouns, verbs, adjectives |
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Do not have a sense, vague; express some type of relationship between lexical morphemes
Prepositions, articles, conjunctions, prefixes, suffixes
A word consisting of more than one morpheme usually has at least one lexical morpheme |
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| A morpheme that can stand by itself and convey meaning |
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| Bound morpheme-grammatical |
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| A morpheme that must be attached to another element to convey meaning |
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Segments of words contributed to the meaning and function of the larger word
Complex words have a root morpheme and a one or more affixes |
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The core of the word: carries majority of the meaning
Belongs to a lexical category- noun, verb, adjective |
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Concrete and abstract thing
Person, place, thing, idea/state of being |
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| Names properties-describes |
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Do not belong to a lexical category
Are always bound morphemes |
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Any form to which an affix is added
Often the base is the root |
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Prefix- an affix that is attached to the front of the base
Suffix- affix that is attached to the end of the base
Infix- affix that occurs within another morpheme-used in other languages |
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The majority of complex words in English are build from roots that are free morphemes
English is word based
These are bound roots in English |
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An affixational process that forms a word with a meaning/ category distinct from its base
There are a potentially infinite number of derivational affixes |
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Build a word having different (but usually related) semantic content that that of its base
Ful- when attached to faith becomes faithful
Usually changed the lexical category
Are restricted in the class of based to which they can attach |
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The combination of 2 already existent words
The result: noun, verb or adjective
The morpheme that determines the category of the entire word is called the head |
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Identify the lexical categories making up each compound word
Inflection |
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| The modification of a words form to indicate grammatical information |
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| English has 8 inflectional affixes |
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Definition
Plural-PLU~~the books
Possessive-POSS~~Johns book
Present-PRES~~He reads well
Past-PAST~~He worked
Present participle- PRES PART~~He is working
Past participle- PAST PART~~He has studied (happens without time period)
Comparative- COMP~~the smaller one (between 2 things)
Superlative- SUP~~the smallest one (between many things) |
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Identify the lexical category of the root and the type of inflectional information found:
History:
Etymology |
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| The study of the history of words |
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| All inflectional affixes are native to English |
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| Many derivational affixes are borrowings from other languages usually latin/greek |
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| Snipping a section of a word to form a shortened form |
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The process of taking 2 or more words, clipping parts off one or more and then combining
The result is a blend |
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Inflectional affixes are suffixes
Derivational affixes are suffixes or prefixes |
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| The variant form of a morpheme |
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| Coding indefiniteness in English |
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“An” before a word that begins with a vowel
“A” before a word that begins with a consonant |
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| Coding plurals in English (usually allomorphs) |
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/s/,/z/,/dj/
Selection of the proper allomorph is determined by phonological factors |
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-ive, -ity, -ion
Pronunciation of the final consonant in the first morpheme changes when a suffix is added |
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