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Definition
| an intersection or relationship of form and meaning |
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a sign whose form has actual characteristics of its meaning
ex. the outline of a man signifies man |
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a sign whose form has characteristics which are only associated in nature with its meaning
ex. a fork and a knife meaning a restauraunt |
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Definition
a sign whose form is arbitrarily or conventionally associated with its meaning
ex. the word dog is only associated with an actual dog if one knows the meaning |
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a linguistic sign
ex. sea or shell |
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Definition
the simplest sort of sign in human languages, something with meaning
ex. sea |
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| a word that has more than one simple signs, therefore, more than one meaning |
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words that have approximately the same meanings in other languages
ex. dog and perro |
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words with similar or same meanings within a language
ex. sick and ill |
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also called onomatopoeic words
words that are iconic signs
ex. bam, bow-wow |
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| a dictionary, an inventory of a language's signs |
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| the rules for the construction of its signs and for their combination into messages |
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| the sounds of the forms of language |
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| individual sounds, regardless of language |
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the characteristics of particular phones
ex. voiced/unvoiced, labial, dental, nasal, etc. |
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| the possibilities of combination or cooccurrence of phonological features in morphemes |
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| the classes or morphemes and their cooccurrence in sentences and combination as words |
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| the possible combinations of morphemes as words |
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the combination of words as phrases and of phrases as sentences
ex. English parts of speech |
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Term
Characteristics of Language:
arbitrariness |
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Definition
| signs of languages are typically symbolic, and therefore can be expressed with varying degrees of emphasis |
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Characteristics of Language:
displacement |
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Definition
language meanings are expressed for abstract or physically ungraspable things
ex. past, present, future |
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Characteristics of Language:
creativity |
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Definition
| languages can readily and regularly permit the expression of new things |
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Characteristics of Language:
openness |
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Definition
| able to come up with new morphemes for new ideas and new things in the world, also, new ways to express old things |
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Characteristics of Language:
recursion |
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Definition
phrases can expand by the expansion of clauses within themselves
ex. "a friend" may become "a friend of mine" |
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Term
Characteristics of Language:
duality |
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Definition
linguistic signs that have a two part or dual structure, in which the meaning is made up of meaningless parts.
[p], [t], and [a] are meaningless on their own, but they can combine to make "pot", [pat], and they have meaning |
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Term
Characteristics of Language:
grammaticality |
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Definition
languages have strict rules about how things can be said to be understood
ex. "Came they here?" doesn't work as well as "Did they come here?" |
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Term
Characteristics of Language:
cultural transmission |
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Definition
languages differ from place to place, and one has to learn the language of each place in which one wants to fit
compared to the innate languages of birds amongst each other (innateness) |
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