the study of how words are structured and how they are put together to form smaller parts

either create a new word or change the part of speech when attaching to words 

(only suffixes in English)

serve a purely grammatical function and never create a new word but only a different form of the same word

Syntax does not require the presence of _________ morphemes.

Derivational

(bc they indicate relations within a word, not without)

Derivational morphemes are not generally very _________.

________ morphemes are required by syntax.

has semantic content or independent, identifiable meaning

serves a grammatical function by relating words in a sentence to each other

prepostions, conjunctions, articles, and pronouns

A variant of a morpheme is considered an allomorph if it is _______ differently.

The stems with which a given affix may combine normally ____________________.

belong to the same part of speech

(ex. -able attaches only to verbs)

to the same part of speech.

(ex. -able + verb= adjective)

Since words are formed by steps, they are referred to as _________________.

an expression which can be judged true or false

________ typically occur before the grammatical inflextion.  

English

Build up the meanings of sentences through the use of isolated morphemes

1. sequence of free morphemes

2. sytactical relationships are shown  by word order 

Ex. Mandarin

The affixes can easily be separated from the stems to which they are attached and in which each affix generally conveys one meaning

Fixed order

Clearly identifiable and seperable

One meaning

ex. Swahili

Syntactic relationships are generally shown by bound morphemes (affixes)  which may contain more than one meaning 

1. bases and affixes are not always clearly separable

2. each affix may carry more than one meaning

ex. Classical Latin

Show syntactic relationships through highly complex words

1. stems and affixes are hard to separate

2. Bound morphemes--often don't exist outside of structure

ex. Sora

SVO (English)

VSO (Irish, Somoan)

SOV (Japanese, Turkish)

can either be a prepostion or a postposition

Relative clauses and adjectives tend to follow nouns

Genetives normally follow nouns

Prepostions

Genetives, adjectives, and relatives normally precede nouns

Postpositions

process whereby elements are organized and brought together in an orderly way to form phrases and sentences

How to tell if a groups is syntactically coherent...

1. If the group coheres syntactically and has meaning

2. smallest constituents are individual words

3. Must stand alone

4. Can be substituted by a proword

5. Can be moved around

wrote Syntactical Structures

Said that you learn rules when you acquire a language

Use rules to generate sentences:

Deep Structure--Basic Idea

Surface Structure--Sentence or Form

Go from deep structure to basic structure through derivation and apply transformative rules

Morphological change that is phonologically conditioned

1. Deletion

2. Insertion

3. Substitution

4. Movement

Deep Structure--You write your name.

Surface Structure--Write your name.

ability to interpret certain grammatical strings even though elements of interpretation may not be physically present

is raining--Deep Structure

It is raining--Surface Structure

John behaved John--Deep Structure

John behaved himself--Surface Structure

Inversion--movement of word

Movement of tense

aka--Blending

combinations of clipping and compounding which makes new words by putting together fragments of existing words 

(smog, brunch)

ex. laboratory--lab

examination--exam

Make a derivate that changes the form of the word

donation--donate

television--televise