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Linguistics - Lecture 1
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21
Architecture
5th Grade
06/08/2012

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Term
Pragmatics
Definition
How language is used in a socially appropriate way
Example] Do you have the salt? vs. Pass the salt!
Term
A researcher at UCSD decides that she wants to figure out the age at which normally developing children begin to combine words. In order to determine when first word combinations occur in an average child, the researcher will conduct her study using…
Definition
A cross-sectional design,
Term
Language
Definition
a systematic and conventional use of sounds (or signs or written symbols) for the purpose of communication or
self expression.
Term
Phonetics/phonology
Definition
sound system of language (goat vs boat)
Term
Lexicon/Semantics
Definition
vocabulary and meaning
Term
Morphology
Definition
system for combining units of meaning together
example: wug + s
Term
Syntax
Definition
how words and morphemes are combine together Example] The dog bit the cat. The cat bit the dog.
Term
Name the 5 main components of langauge
Definition
1. Phonology
2. lexicon/semantics
3. morphology
4. syntax
6. pragmatics
Term
List the main milestones for each month starting at 9 months
Definition
9-10 months
• first signs of word comprehension
• early use of communicative gestures
• babbling
11-12 months
• first words produced
• continued growth in comprehension
16-18 months
• vocabulary spurt
• first word combinations
24-28 months
• increasing use of grammatical function words and morphemes
30-36 months
• signs of productive language use
• overeralization errors like "goed"
• longer and more complex sentences
• improved conversational skills
Term
1. Segmentation problem
Definition
the issue that arises because there usually isn't a boundary between words. So how do babies learn these boundaries before they are literate?
Term
2. Induction problem
Definition
How does the child know what a word means? If a mother says, "rabbit" how does the baby know whether that sound refers to the animal, the animals' ears, the way it's moving, the bush next to it, etc
Term
3. Environment is "Impoverished" problem
Definition
Parents tend to correct statements based on truth, not grammar.
Example] Child: "Doggie bited daddy"
Mom: "Yes, that's right

Example] Child: "Dere's a trucks"
Mother: "No, that's a motorcycle"
Term
In short, there are 4 reasons why language learning is hard:
Definition
1. Language is a complex formal system "in the head"

2. Segmentation problem - speech doesn't give you the units
2. Induction problem - speech doesn't give you the meaning
3. Environment is impoverished problem - feedback tends to be about meaning, not form
Term
The nativist, domain-specific view of language learning
Definition
Language can't be learned, so it must be innate.
It can't be learned from simple conditioning because speech doesn't give you units or the meaning.
Term
The interactionist view
Definition
It is possible to learn the language because there are many cues to language structure and there are strong relationships between language and cognition and language and social interaction
Term
Transitional probabilities
Definition
one method that children use to learn the separations of words. They get a sense that sounds that represent a real word appear more often than sounds that represent non-words.
Term
Functionalist view of langauge
Definition
language acquisition is shaped by communication. The forms of natural language are created, governed, constraint acquired and used in the service of communicative functions.
Term
Methods for studying language: Observational
Definition
Pros
• natural and realistic language use
• see language in context
• got to see the input to the child ("motherese", etc)

Cons
• small N
• observational bias
• at the mercy of what the child does

Examples she went over in lecture
• MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories
• Dense databases - record input/output of a child
Term
MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories
Definition
Term
Methods for studying language: Habitual paradigms
Definition
1. high amplitude sucking paradigm
2. heart rate
3. conditioned head-turn
4. eye-tracking tasks
5. Elicitation test
6. Pointing task (which picture shows "the boy pushing a girl)
Term
Elicitation tests
Definition
The child is presented with a new object:
"This is a wug"
"Now there are two ___" (wugs)
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