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the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or function.
i.e. hunt+er, couple+s, etc. |
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occur as separate words
i.e. car, yes |
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cannot occur ‘on their own’
i.e.-tion |
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not tied to grammatical function
i.e. verbs, nouns, adjectives |
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tend to be tied to specific uses
i.e. prepositions, pronouns |
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| the different realizations of morphemes based on their phonological environment |
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Definition
words that are un-analyzable
i.e. the, trim, nine |
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| words that consist of a root plus one or more affixes |
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Definition
words that usually belong to lexical categories
i.e. verbs, noun, adjective, etc. |
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| include prefixes, suffixes, and infixes |
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they indicate grammatical information (tense, number, person...) but don’t change category.
i.e. is was |
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forms a new word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base
i.e. sell --> sell-er |
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They indicate something about quantity
i.e. singular, plural |
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They indicate how the referent (the person or thing the pronoun describes) relates to the participants of the conversation
i.e. first, second, or third person |
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is meaningful; it denotes biological/cultural/psychological sex/gender
i.e., English he/she/they |
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| entirely arbitrary; just an arbitrary class of nouns which have the same morphosyntactic properties |
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Definition
| made up of words and phrases |
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Definition
| the doer or agent; the subject is defined as the element that the verb agrees with |
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| verbs that require an object |
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Definition
| verbs that do not require an object |
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Definition
| the subjects of intransitive and transitive verbs (denoted by nominative case) pattern alike in contrast with the objects of transitive verbs (denoted by the accusative case) |
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Definition
| the subjects of intransitive verbs and objects of transitive verbs (denoted by absolutive case) pattern alike in contrast with subjects of transitive verbs (denoted by ergative case) |
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Definition
| if the verb names an event the subject will denote the agent or the causer of action the verb names |
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Definition
| whatever would be the object in the active voice becomes the subject in the passive voice |
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| Principle of Compositionality |
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Definition
| A principle underlying sentence interpretation that is formulated as: the meaning of a sentence is determined by the meaning of its component parts and the manner in which they are arranged in syntactic structure. |
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Definition
two words that have the same meaning in most contexts
i.e.Automobile Car |
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Antonym: words that are opposites with some respect to their meaning
i.e. boy girl |
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Definition
a general word identifying a class of objects
i.e. Toby is a dog |
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specifies a member of that class
i.e. Toby is a beagle |
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Definition
words with multiple unrelated meanings
i.e. bank
a. financial institution
b. river’s edge |
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Definition
words that have multiple related meanings
i.e. to glare
a. to shine intensely
b. to stare angrily |
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Term
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Definition
if one sentence is true then the other must be false; both cannot be true at the same time
i.e. Tim is a bachelor. Time is married |
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Definition
The truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of the other
i.e. Princess Diana was killed in a car accident. Princess Diana is dead. |
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Definition
A sentence presupposes another sentence if the second sentence must be true for the first to be felicitous in the first place
i.e. My mother is coming to visit. I have a mother |
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Term
| The family of sentences test |
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Definition
Thia involves manipulating our original sentence by adding meaning-canceling operators:
negation
yes/no question
modal verb (e.g. might)
antecedent of a conditional (if clause)
Entailments (the meaning of the sentence) are cancelled in these environments; presuppositions survive in these environments |
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Term
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Definition
(a, an)
Good when the referent has not yet been mentioned
Bad when the referent has been mentioned
refer to new entities
entail their existence |
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Definition
(the)
Bad when the referent has not yet been mentioned
Good when the referent has been mentioned
refer to previously mentioned entities
presuppose their existence |
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Term
| Quantifier Scope Ambiguity |
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Definition
Syntactically unambiguous but semantically ambiguous
i.e. Two students met with every teacher |
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