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Partial or total loss of the power of speech. usually due to injury or disease |
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A think bundle of nerve fibers.
Underneath the split between the brain's two hemispheres |
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| process in which the two hemispheres of the brain take on different aspects of cognitive function |
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Modularity
of the
Mind
(Localization) |
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| general scientific belief that specefic parts of the mind are responsibile for different kinds of processing |
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| responsible for some language and motor functioning |
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| Responsible for bodily sensations, touch, pain, and temp |
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| responsible for hearing and aspects of memory storage |
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| variety of language spoken by a group of people that is systemacially different from other varieties of language (structure) |
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| differences in pronunciation |
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more widely recognized value open to standers that trancend conditions
(place/social status) |
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| nonstandard varieties carried within specific communities |
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| how many of the people one person knows and interacts with also know and interact with one another |
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| the number of capacities in which people know each other |
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a simplified but stable language of communication. Not any speaker's native language. Very few words.
(sometimes for business with people who speak another language) |
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| the language from which the bulk of the vocabulary comes for a pidgin |
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| the variety with most creole features |
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| variety closest to the lexifier |
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| speakers bring featrues of their original dialects or languages with them at emigration or migration |
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| like spanish. All words have a gender. |
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| Sex of things based on apparent gender |
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| sentences depend on coordination. |
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| term used to refer to spelling. |
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- Children get imperfect input from adults but do not necessarily repeat the errors
- Children make mistakes that adults have not. "I eated it"
- Children learn to produce an infinite number of utterances. Most adult speakers do not conciouslly know these rules or teach them to their children.
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| By 5 months children associate specific mouth movements with specific sounds |
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Special version of language that adults or even older siblings use when talking to small children.
- more limited vocab
- slower rate of speach
- repetition
- fewer verbs
- Names rather than pronouns
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the time children must learn a language in.
From birth until 12 years old |
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| speak fluidly but sentences contain misapplied words or nonsense words that substitute for intended ones. |
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| when reading aloud speakers substituted either a synonym or a phonologically similar word for the word on the page |
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| Speakers struggle with reading alound unfamiliar and nonsense words, have impaired access to the letter-to-sound correspondence |
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| Speakers have significant trouble reading words aloud with irregular spellings. |
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| all humans are born with a basic blueprint or template for language acquisition |
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| language acquisition happens without conscious decisions, unlike the learning of other skills. |
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| Theory of Universal Grammar |
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| theory of grammar best explains why children make grammatical mistakes even if their parents speak clearly and articulately |
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research how children learn to tease or tell jokes
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| all varieties of a language change, but it is true that writing changes more slowly than speech does |
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| In Appalachia, double auxiliaries are grammatical, as in “I might could make one up.” This is variation at which level of the grammar? |
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| You say [t∂meto], I say [t∂mato]. This is variation at the level of |
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| Appalachian English permits “right” as an adverb (before adjectives), so that one could say, “There goes a right pretty girl.” This is variation at which level? |
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| T/F The English language belongs to the Romance branch of the Indo-European family tree. |
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Middle English [gos] became Modern English [gus] “goose”. This is an example of ___.
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| At one time, the word deer meant “animal, any quadruped.” Now it refers only to “deer” (as we know them). What kind of change is this? |
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| . semantic narrowing or specialization |
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| T/F Lingustics define grammar as the do's and don'ts of proper English |
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| T/F Performance errors (like slips of the tounge) signal serious problems in a persons linguistic competence |
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| Descriptive rules don't have to be taught. Children acquire them naturally without instruction. T/F |
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| Human language is both arbitrary and systematic. T/F |
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| The ability for human beings to talk about things that are not present. About the past and the future is |
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| Our ability to acquire our native language and generate grammatical sentences in it. |
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| Part of linguistics that deals with word formation (suffixes prefixes and so on) |
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| consanants produced by restricting the airflow with the tip of your toung on the bump behind your teeth |
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| What do Linguists/Psychologists belive about language? |
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Definition
| Most linguists and psychologists believe people are born with innate ability to learn and produce language. Some people believe language is special and specific to humans only. |
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| By the age of ____child’s mental grammar (elements of a language + rules for combining them) is essentially developed. |
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| Children learn language by imitating adults. When children acquire language, to assume complete imitation is flawed because there are many other interpretations that occur to refute this idea |
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| New theory (universal grammar) |
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Definition
| Most prominent theory at the moment = human beings are born with some extremely basic system called the “universal grammar”. Believed that this is universal for all human infants. Shared by every human infant. |
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| Putting baby in front of T.V. will not help that baby develop language. T/F |
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Definition
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| How do children develop phonetic perception? |
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Definition
* Studies have found that all human infants can hear/distinguish every human
speech sound, even if parent language doesn’t have it.
* Phoneme system is acquired before we even need it/start speaking. Listening
process occurs way before speech begins. |
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Plural marker –s
Possessive –‘s
Present tense –s |
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Cats [s]
Dogs [z]
Dishes [ɪz]
In all their acquisition, production lag behind their comprehension. |
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| variation that occurs within a given language. |
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| The unique way in which each person speaks his/her/its respective language. |
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| use of double negatives, phoneme variations, pluralization, |
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| Argument of political and economic divide: |
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| what should the standard for English be/should there be a normalized variety? There is actually no standard, but multiple dialects. Standard American English/Standard British English is the assumed standard on the global scale. |
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| Alternate names of African American English |
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Definition
BL = Black Language
BE = Black English
AAL = African American Language
AAE = African American Englsih
Ebonics |
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