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Three theories of Language Acquisition
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Definition
Active Construction of a Grammar Theory Connectionist Theories Social Interaction Theory
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Active Construction of a Grammar Theory |
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| children acquire a language by inventing rules of grammar based on the speech around them |
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theory that children learn language through neutral connections in the brain. this connection is through exposure to language and using language.
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| Social Interaction Theory |
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| children acquire language through social interaction-in particular with older children and adults-and prompt their caregivers to supply them with the appropriate language experience they need |
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a period of time in an individual's life during which a behavior-langauge-must be acquired
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First Language/Second Labguage Acquisition
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| once the child is competent in a native language (1st language) and starts learning a second language before the age of 12 the child will likely achieve native competence in this second language as well |
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speech used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children or infants. Has many repetions, simplified syntax, exaggerted inotonation, & a simple and concrete vocabulary.
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| How do adults talk to children... |
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Definition
-adults make sure that sure that children realize that an utterance is being addressed to them and not to someone else -once they have the child's attention, they must choose concepts that maximize the child's chances of understanding what is being said -adults choose a particular style of speaking that they think will be most beneficial to the child
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Term
Types Universal Stages of Language Acquisition
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Term
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in the left hemispehere of the brain the language has the language wernicke's area and broca's area
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Definition
an inability to perceive, process, or produce language or produce language because of physical damage to the brain.
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a result of damage to Broca's area-the language center responsible for speech production, suffer inability to plan the motor sequences used in speech in signs
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a result of damage to Wernicke's area- the language center responsible for speech comprehension-results in primarily receptive disorders; very difficult for a patient w/ this problem to understand the speech of others
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Term
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result of damage to the arcuate fasciculus, the bundle of fibers that connects Broca's and Wernicke's area. They produce fluent but meaningless speech, shows signs of understanding others speech
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inability to read and comprehend written words, damage to the angular gyrus
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inability to write words, attributed to damage to the angular gyrus
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Definition
Each hemisphere of the brain's hemispheres is responsible for different cognitive functions.
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Term
| How can it be proved that the language centers located in the left hemisphere |
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Definition
dichotic listening task - two sounds are presented at the same time to a person with normal hearing- results were that responses to the rightear are quicker and accurate when verbal split brain patients- help identify characteristics of two hemisphere hemisperectomy- an operation in which one hemisphere or part of one hemisphere is removed from the brain |
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Definition
anticipations - occur when a later unit is substituted for an earlier unit or when a later unit is added earlier in an utterance shifts - occur when a unit is moved from one location to another metathesis - is the switching of two units, each taking the place of the other
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chraracteristics of pronunciation inherent in every person's speech
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A variety of a language defined by both geographical factors and social factors, such as class, religion, and ethnicity
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An abstract cognitive system that uniquely allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances
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the language variety of an indivual speaker
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| the act of producing nonstandard forms by way of false analogy to standard forms |
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| Examples of Regional Dialects in the USA |
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| New England, The North, Midland, South Appalachia, West (seperated by region or geography) |
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| is the variety used by political leaders, the media, etc. (people in power). Linguistically speaking, no one dialect or language is better, more correct, more systematic, or more logical than any other. |
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techincal language, present in workplace, field of study, hobby, and sport
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words or expressions used in informal settings, often to indicate membership in a particular social group
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way of speaking marked by degrees of formality
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| African-American English has copula absence-absence of inflected present tense |
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| women have higher pitch than men, public speech in the western society is more dominated by men, women may take more procedures to speak prestigous SAE |
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| giving preferentiational treatment to one gender over the other |
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common language in a situation, where ppl. of a different language come together. The lingua franca is usually not the 1st language
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process by which one language adopts words, phrases, or grammactical structures from another language
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lexical borrowing - word borrowings from other cultures such as French on American English
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Definition
pidgin - these are languages that typically come into being in trading centers or in areas under industrialization creole language- a language that developed from contact between speakers of different languages and that serves as the primary means of communication for particular groups of speakers
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Definition
Tok Pisin spoken in Papua, New Guinea, it has several words derived from English and has influence from Oceanic Languages Creole- Haitian language with african roots and influence from French language Hawaiin Creole- composed of Portuguese and Chinese |
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Term
| Bilingualism and Multilingualism |
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bilingualism - state of commanding two languages multilingualism- state of commanding three or more languages
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traditionally a situation in which one variety of a language is used for more prestigious functions, and another variety is used for a more social setting
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Term
Language Endangerment, Death, and Revitalization
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Definition
Language Endangerment- a language that has very few speakers left Death- complete demise of a language, no longer has any speakers (Latin) Revitalization - a preservation of languages that are endangered |
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Term
Synchronically and Dichronically
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Synchronically- study of language in a particular point in time (current like slang)
Dichronically - language development throughout time (old like Bible) |
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| a group of related languages, in the sense that they come from common origins |
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branch of linguistics that studies where words are borrowed from
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Term
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| in semantics, the set of objects, ideas, and so on, that a word may be used to refer to: word increases use |
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| semantic change by which the set of appropriate contexts : word decreases |
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also known as "Linguistic Relativity" (associated with Benjamin Whorf) it is the hypothesis that the worldview of a speech community is subtly conditioned by the structure of its language
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| Identity and Signal Identity using Lang. |
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Definition
identity- we have many identities at a moment, it depends on the circumstances of the situation Signal Identity using Lang.-overlty stating affiliation, by gender associated words, in a society when more than one language is used use of one language can indicate association |
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Phonographic Writing Systems
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Definition
they rely on the representation of speech sound Ex. English - each symbol represents a single sound Cherokee- each symbol approxiamately represents a consonant plus vowel combination
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Morphographic Writing Systems
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rely on a correspondence between a written grapheme and a particular phoneme EX: Mathematical Symbols in English Chinese characters |
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