Term
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Definition
The study of the organization of speech
sounds in a language: |
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Term
| Contrastive vs. Noncontrastive |
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Definition
| Do the sounds function to distinguish meaning? |
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Term
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Definition
| Two sounds are this if interchanging them can change the meaning of a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that differ by a single sound in the same position and have different meanings. |
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Term
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Definition
Abstract mental representation of set of sounds considered by native speakers to be
‘same’ sound |
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Term
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Definition
When sounds can occur in same phonetic environment (i.e., may
form a minimal pair) |
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Term
| Complementary Distribution |
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Definition
When (phonetically similar) sounds never occur in
exact same phonetic environment, but in
mutually-exclusive (or complementary)
environments |
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Term
| Setup for Phonological rules |
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Definition
| A -> B / C_D "A becomes B in the environment between C and D" |
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Term
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Definition
sound becomes like neighboring
sound(s) in some phonetic feature(s)
bleed [blid] plead [plid] ̥
drain [dɹeɪn] train [tɹeɪn] ̥
graze [ɡɹeɪz] craze [kɹeɪz] ̥
glass [ɡlæs] class [klæs] |
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Term
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Definition
A class of sounds, with feature(s) in common (to the
exclusion of other sounds), that are treated as a
group by the phonology
[ ʃ, tʃ ] = voiceless postalveolars
[ɪ, ʊ] = high lax vowels |
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Term
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Definition
1. Check for minimal pairs:
If YES STOP (= contrastive distribution, different phonemes)
If NO Go to 2
2. List the phonetic environments for each sound
3. State the environments in terms of natural classes:
Do the environments overlap? (i.e., are they the same?)
If YES STOP (= contrastive distribution, different phonemes)
If NO = complementary distribution, allophones of same
phoneme
4. Write the rule that accounts for the distribution |
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Term
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Definition
Restrictions on possible sound sequences in
different word positions
C=Consonant
e.g., English allows…
…up to 3 Cs word-initially
(sing [sɪŋ], sting [stɪŋ], string [stɹɪŋ])
…up to 4 Cs word-finally
(sick [sɪk], six [sɪks], text [tɛkst], texts [tɛksts])
…[pt], [rm] word-finally, but not initially |
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Term
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Definition
Words borrowed from another language are
(typically) altered to match native language’s
phonotactics |
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Term
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Definition
| The elimination of a sound in borrowing |
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Term
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Definition
| The addition of a sound in Borrowing |
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Term
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Definition
When words of one language pronounced
with the phonological rules, phonotactics of
another language
e.g., Eng: French:
this [ðɪs] [zis]
thing [θɪŋ] [siŋ]
Span: Eng:
[burito] [bəɹiɾoʊ] |
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Term
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Definition
The study of words and the rules for word
formation in a language |
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Term
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Definition
A meaningful unit of language that can stand
on its own
… can be simple…
bee, think, scratch, squirrel…
… or complex…
beehive, thinks, scratching, squirrelly…
= may be composed of one or more morphemes |
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Term
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Definition
The smallest meaningful linguistic unit
(scratching) -> (scratch) and (ing) are both morphemes |
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Term
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Definition
Can occur as simple words all by themselves
>>cat, eat, green, pumpkin, the, is… |
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Term
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Definition
Cannot stand alone, must be attached to other
morphemes
…birds, tapping, burped, reapply, unscrew…
May be roots or affixes |
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Term
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Definition
Can be free or bound
Free roots:
cat cats, catty, catlike, uncatlike…
love loves, lovely, loving, unlovable…
Bound roots:
-mit (commit, remit, submit, transmit, permit, admit)
-struct (construct, instruct, destruct, structure) |
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Term
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Definition
All affixes are bound
Prefix: beginning of word (e.g., prepay, undo)
Suffix: end of word (sadness, sadly, sadder)
Infix: in the middle of a root
Tagalog [-um-]: [bili] ‘buy’ [bumili] ‘to buy’
Circumfix: ‘around’ a word (at both ends)
German [ge- -t]: spiel- ‘play’ gespielt ‘(past particip.)’ |
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Term
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Definition
| Affix that makes or derives a new word w/ a new meaning |
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Term
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Definition
Affixes that indicate grammatical function; do not change the
lexical category or basic meaning of the word
Verb:
3rd per. sg.: -s He walks.
past tense: -ed He walked.
progressive: -ing He is walking.
past participle: -en He has eaten.
Noun:
plural: -s two cats
possessive: -’s cat’s eye
Adj:
comparative: -er She is older.
superlative: -est She is oldest
These are all of them |
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Term
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Definition
Morphemes that have some kind of semantic meaning of their
own.
ie
Noun / Verb / Adjective / Adverb roots:
crocodile, swim, red, smurf, fast…
Derivational affixes:
uncool, gladness, reapply, quickly … |
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Term
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Definition
Morphemes that provide information about grammatical function by relating words of a sentence
Morphemes that do not have substantial semantic content of their own
Determiners: a, an, the, this…
Conjunctions: and, but, or…
Prepositions: in, of, from, for…
Pronouns: I, you, he…
Auxiliaries: am, is, are…
Inflectional affixes: -s, -ing, -ed… |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes of new word formation |
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Term
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Definition
Forming new words by doubling a whole
word (total reduplication) or part of it
(partial reduplication)
e.g., Indonesian plural (total)
orang ‘person’ orang-orang ‘people’
lalat ‘fly’ lalat-lalat ‘flies’
e.g., Tagalog future tense (partial)
bili ‘buy’ bibili ‘will buy’
kain ‘eat’ kakain ‘will eat’ |
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Term
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Definition
Morpheme-internal changes
Plural:
man ~ men, goose ~ geese
[æ] ~ [ɛ] [u] ~ [i]
Verb tense:
ring ~ rang ~ rung
[ɪ] ~ [æ] ~ [ʌ]
Derivational:
strife (n.) ~ strive (v.), use (n.) ~ use (v.)
[f] ~ [v] [s] ~ [z] |
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Term
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Definition
Morphological inflection indicated with
phonetically unrelated forms
Verbs: go ~ went
s/he is ~ s/he was
Adjectives: good ~ better ~ best
bad ~ worse ~ worst |
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Term
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Definition
Combination of two (or more) independent words to
form a new one |
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Term
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Definition
Combining parts of two words (usu.
beginning of one + ending of another)
brunch = breakfast + lunch
motel = motor + hotel
smog = smoke + fog |
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Term
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Definition
Shortening a word by deleting syllable(s)
Gasoline->gas
Influenza->flu
Examination->exam |
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Term
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Definition
Using initial letter(s) of each word in a phrase/
title to form a new pronounceable word
PIN
Personal Identification Number
HUB
Husky Union Building
CSE
Computer Science |
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Term
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Definition
Deriving a new word (with a new lexical category) from
another without a change in form
e.g, Noun Verb (i.e., verbing):
(to) access, host, chair, mail, text…
Verb Noun (i.e., nouning)
(a) laugh, run, steal, drive |
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Term
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Definition
The study of the organization of words into
phrases and sentences, and the rules that
govern them |
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Term
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Definition
Sequences of words that conform to the
syntactic rules of a language are grammatical. |
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Term
| Transitive verb/Ditransitive verb/Intransitive verb |
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Definition
A verb that requires an object
The child (wants). / The child (wants) a cookie
A verb that requires two objects
Every month, Jim (sends) his mother. vs.
Every month, Jim (sends) his mother flowers.
A verb that doesn't require an object
Billy (ran). |
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Term
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Definition
| I believe (that) >you are crazy.<-- Complement |
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