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| tease apart the patterns of various aspects of human language in order to discover how human language works |
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the "hidden knowledge" of how we understand language (potential!)
-phonetics + phonology + morphology + syntax + semantics + pragmatics
-2 parts to knowledge: lexicon and rules |
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| the way one produces and comprehends language (actualization!) |
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| mistakes; doesn't mean we're linguistically incompetent |
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1) think of what you want to communicate
2) pick words to express your idea
3) put words together according to language rules
4) figure out pronunciation of words
5) send pronunciations to vocal anatomy
6) speak (send sounds through air)
7) listener HEARS/PERCEIVES sounds
8) listener DECODES sounds as language
9) listener CONNECTS by receiving communicated idea |
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| intereference in communication chain |
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study of the minimal units that make up a language
-articulary phonetics
-acoustic phonetics
-auditory phonetics |
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language specific knowledge about the distribution of speech sounds
-ex. "spaff" & "blig" could be words but "fsap" & "libg" can't |
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knowledge of word formation possibilities
-ex. "baker" vs. "erbake" |
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how words combine to form phrases/sentences
-GRAMMATICAL: "i will pick up the package at 8 o clock"
-UNGRAMMATICAL: "package up pick at 8 o clock the will i" |
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ability to determine the meaning of sentences
-ex. "duck" can have 2 meanings, "sofa"/"couch" mean same thing |
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| ability to use context to interpret meanings |
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| the collection of all the words you know |
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| language system; set of all elements and rules that make up a language |
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| how people acquire learning the rules/grammar |
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| not everyone's grammar is the same |
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| generalizations of a language and internal structure |
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speech is more immediate (and primary object of linguistic study)
1) archaelogical evidence
2) writing doesn't exist everywhere, but communication does
3) writing must be taught
4) neurolinguistic evidence
5) writing can be edited |
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1) mental grammar
2) descriptive grammar
3) prescriptive grammar (socially embedded notion of "correct"/"proper" grammar |
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| HOCKETT'S DESIGN FEATURES |
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Definition
1) mode of communication/modality
2) semanticity
3) pragmatic function
4) interchangeability
5) cultural transmission
6) arbitrariness
7) discreteness
8) displacement
9) productivity |
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| MODALITY/MODE OF COMMUNICAITON |
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| the means by which messages are transmitted/received |
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| property requiring that all signals in a communication system have a meaning/function |
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| communication systems must serve some useful purpose |
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| ability of individuals to both transmit and receive messages |
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| there are aspects of language that can only be acquired through interaction with others |
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words of a language represent a connection between a group of signs/sounds (form represents meaning)
-FORM + MEANING = LINGUISTIC SIGN |
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| the meaning is not predictable from the form, nor vice versa (although conventional in english for certain words/sounds to have specific meanings) |
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direct correlation between form and meaning
-ex. onomonapoeia, sound symbolism |
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| the property of language that allows us to combine together discrete units to create larger communicative units |
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| ability of a language to communicate about things, actions, and ideas that are not present in space/time while speakers are communicating |
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| language's capacity for NOVEL messages to be built up out of discrete units |
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| can display all 9 design features, but cannot possibly be acquired as a natural language (ex. code) |
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| languages that have evolved naturally in a speech community |
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language that has been specifically invented by a human that may/not imitate all properties of a natural language
(ex. klingon) |
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| (spoken languages) perceived via hearing and produced via speech |
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| (signed language) similar in every way to spoken languages except modality |
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an artificially constructed system for representing a natural language; no structure of its own, but borrows its structure from the natural language it represents
-codes never have native speakers
-manual codes (morphemes) are not natural |
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| ANIMAL COMMUNICATION DESIGN FEATURES |
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Definition
-modality
-semanticity
-pragmatic function
-interchangeability
-cultural transmission
-arbitrariness
-discreteness
-NOT DISPLACEMENT OR PRODUCTIVITY |
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| symbols composed of geometric shapes used to represent words |
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| study of the production of speech sounds (paleography to observe tongue contact with mouth) |
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| study of the transmission and physical properties of speech sounds (sound spectrograph: pictures of sounds) |
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| study of the perception of speech sounds |
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| IMPRESSIONISTIC PHONETIC TRANSMISSION |
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| method of writing down speech sounds to capture what's said/how it's produced |
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| INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (applicable to all spoken languages) |
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| 2 CATEGORIES OF SPEECH STREAMS |
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| SEGMENTS and SUPRASEGMENTALS |
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| discrete units of the speech stream that can be further subdivided into consonants/vowels |
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"ride on top of" segments; often apply to entire strings of letters
-stress, tone, intonation, etc |
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| unit of speech, contains only 1 sound |
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words with 1 syllable
-broken down into ONSET(consonant) & RHYME(vowels)
-RHYME broken down into NUCLEUS & CODA |
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| RUNNING/CONTINUOUS SPEECH |
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| when we speak, we speak the phrases/sentences with all the words running together |
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restrictions on possible combinations of sounds
-ex. "PTOLEMY" --> pronounced "talemi"
-ex. "GDANSK" --> pronounced "gedansk" |
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(in foreign languageS) sounds that exist in a language a speakers knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in a different language
-ex. "f" and "v" don't exist in korean so "five" is pronounced like "pa-ee-beu" |
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interchanging 2 sounds don't change the meaning
[mæp] vs [mæph] |
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replacing one sounds with the other in a word DOES change the meaning
-ex. hindi: [phəl] vs. [pə] --> "fruit" vs. "meaning" |
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class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound
-ex. [t], [ ʈ ], [ tʃ ] 2, [ tɕ ]2, etc are variations of "T" |
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Definition
each member of a particular phoneme class
-ex. [ tɕ ]2 is an allophone of the phoneme class "T" |
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| of a phone is the set of phonetic environments in which it occurs |
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2 sounds occur in same phonetic environment (and using one rather than the other changes its meaning)
-ex. [l] and [r] in english are not interchangeable, whereas in korean it is |
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a pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings
-ex. 발(foot) vs. 달(moon) |
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a difference between 2+ phonetic forms that you might otherwise expect to be related
-ex. 볼(fire) --> [pul] vs [pur] doesn't matter in korean, but in english, [l] and [r] are different |
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| COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION |
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Definition
| (korean) [l] & [r] are interchangeable, whereas in english it's not |
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| sounds with type of patterning in which choosing (example) [p] or [ph] in "troop" makes no difference |
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| only sounds in contrastive distribution and in free variation can overlap (complementary distribution cannot) |
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| (of sound) the [s] sound and how you hold your tongue in a particular position and cool air hisses out |
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| motion/positioning of some parts of the vocal tract (like tongue or lips) with respect to some other part of the vocal tract in the production of a speech sound |
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