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Definition
A first step in understanding a sentence; assigning elements of its surface structure to linguistics categories.
Can lead to garden-pathing |
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How people immediately start processing a sentence as they read it; words are interpreted as soon as they are encountered
"Sam loaded the boxes on the cart", the typical reader interprets the words one by one as soon as he reads or hears them, making "Sam" the subject, "loaded" the verb ''the boxes" the object and "on the cart" is then a prepositional phrase, completing the sentence. |
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| Minimal Attachment Strategy |
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Definition
the theory that listeners and readers initially attempt to interpret sentences in terms of the simplest syntactic structure consistent with the input that's known at the moment.
ex. The student told the professor that everyone hated a lie ("everyone hated a lie" is less complex, so preferred) |
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Definition
the principle that new words (or "incoming lexical items") tend to be associated with the phrase or clause currently being processed rather than with structures farther back in the sentence.
we are low attachment, spanish etc are high attachment
ex. Tom said that Bill had taken the cleaning out yesterday. |
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Term
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Definition
“When the parser encounters a
filler [such as a wh- phrase], it immediately begins
searching for a gap to insert the filler into.”
ex. The police man saw the boy that the crowd at the party accused of the crime
boy = filler
after the word accused = gap site
*boy is reactivated with the word accused |
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Term
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Definition
Creates a memory load because there is an incomplete
constituent held in memory for too long.
ex. He sent the poisoned candy that he had received in the mail from one of his business rivals connected with the Mafia to the police. |
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Term
| Sentences With Centre Embedding |
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Definition
The malt that the rat that the cat killed ate lay in the
house.
some can be 'parsed' (understood)
ex. The woman who the janitor we just hired hit on is very
pretty. |
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Definition
| The florist sent the flowers was very pleased. |
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| Evidence against late closure as universal |
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Definition
| According to the principle of late closure, readers should interpret this as meaning that the colonel (rather than the daughter) was standing on the balcony. In fact, they did not strongly prefer either interpretation, which is contrary to the garden-path model. When an equivalent sentence was presented in Spanish, there was a clear preference for assuming that the daughter was standing on the balcony (early rather than late closure). This is also contrary to theoretical prediction." |
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Definition
Global - ambiguity is not resolved
Local - ambiguity is resolved |
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Term
| What do not over-ride active filling, minimal attachment and lates closures? |
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Definition
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Term
What helps overcome active filling, minimal attachment and lates closures?
2 examples |
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Definition
lexical information
ex. direct object bias: mary understood the question had no solution
ex. the defendant examined by the lawyer (Garden path)
the evidence examined by the lawyer (no garden path) |
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| participant in a conversation |
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Definition
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| alternation between languages |
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Definition
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| when rules from L1 are incorporated into L2 |
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Definition
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| tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| people typically know something about the word they are unsuccessfully searching for |
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| creation of sentence structure during sentence planning |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Shifts, Exchanges, Additions, Deletions, Substitutions, Blends
(shift moves, exchange exchanges, addition adds something new, deletion deletes, substitution low speed oven) |
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Term
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Definition
Phonological Bias Technique
Flag- stone, Flog boat, Flap Gun
Fruit fly *bzz* "flute fly" |
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Term
| use of an incorrect word in place of a word with a similar sound |
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Definition
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| Explanations for speech errors (Freud vs Linguists) |
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Definition
Freud - conflict between two intentions (conscious vs. disturbing)
Psych Ling - Speech is complex, mistakes happen! |
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Term
| Fromkin Model of Speech Production |
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Definition
1. Message
2. Functional (lexical selection/function assignment)
3. Positional (constituent assembly/inflection)
4. Phonological Encoding |
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Term
| What do exchange errors represent? |
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Definition
| bound morphemes are separate from their stems |
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Term
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Definition
| when the structural path between a singular verb and its subject is interrupted by a plural feature |
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Term
| Speech errors and clauses suggest? |
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Definition
| The occur in a single clause. this suggests that sentences are organized in clause-sized bundles before they are produced |
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Term
| particular sentence form has a higher prob of occurring when it was recently heard by speaker |
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Definition
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| exchange between two phonological elements |
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| a segment perseveres and intrudes in a later word |
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Definition
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| speech sound that has not yet been produced intrudes in an earlier word |
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Definition
| the frequency of vibration 0 |
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Definition
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Definition
Voice onset time: time between release of closure of a stop and the onset of voicing
voiced = short; voiceless = long |
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| articulators are always performing motions for more than one speech sound at a time |
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Definition
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| What factors lead to a the same word never being pronounced the same way? |
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Definition
1) variability among speakers
2) variability within speakers
3) ambient noise
4) context |
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Definition
| physically different acoustic signals are categorized by the perceptual system as belonging to the same phonemic category |
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Definition
illustrates how visual and auditory information together affect the construction of a phonological percept
ga + ba = da |
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| Phoneme Restoration (2 examples) |
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Definition
1) replace s with a cough, and listeners hear it after legislatures or before
2) Gap in s lice = splice |
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Term
| after a word has been retrieved its full phonological representation is checked against what has been heard |
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Definition
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| details of the acoustic signal help you build a phonological representation |
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| contextual information that helps you understand what your roommate said absent of a clear acoustic signal |
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| a stimulus that effects of how you will respond to a later stimulus |
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Definition
semantic priming - a connotative relationship
form priming - related phonologically
masked priming - presented very briefly |
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| when the category of a new word does not fit into the current structure |
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Definition
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| cohort model of lexical access |
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Definition
| how visual or auditory input (i.e., hearing or reading a word) is mapped onto a word in a hearer's lexicon. According to the model, when a person hears speech segments real-time, each speech segment "activates" every word in the lexicon that begins with that segment, and as more segments are added, more words are ruled out, until only one word is left that still matches the input. |
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| Logogen model of lexical access |
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Definition
| Logogens are a vast number of specialized recognition units, each able to recognize one specific word |
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Definition
refers to a set of sentences with some sort of connection with each other
will sometimes require domain specific linguistic behaviours |
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Definition
| expands the notion of a discourse to include non-linguistic symbols |
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Definition
| storage system where information is retained for a very brief periods of time before it is sent on in a recoded form to the long term memory |
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| bits of information that exist in the short term memory (5-9) |
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Definition
| research that examines the role of working memory in language processing |
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Term
| he was pounding the nail.. later ask: did I say hammer? yes. |
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Definition
instrumental inferences
also there are spatial inferences: Three turtles rested on a floating log and a fish swam beneath them ex |
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| linguistic device that refers to someone or something that has been mentioned in the previous context (either pronoun or def non) |
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| connect sentences in discourse |
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Definition
bridging inferences
beer = bridging inference
We checked the picnic supplies. The beer was warm |
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| inferences that are made immediately after a piece of text is encountered, regardless of whether they are needed for coherence |
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Definition
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Definition
| principles that govern the use of language in the creation of discourse; what compliance with these principles is sometimes referred to |
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| relate to the felicitous (appropriate) use of sentences in discourse and sentences that violate are infelicitous |
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| example of non-literal language |
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Definition
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shared knowledge is..
(between participants) |
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Definition
| the most important prosodic signal |
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