Term
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Definition
- Is a human instinct
- Is a system with complex structure
- Is unique to human |
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Term
| What are some(5) misconceptions about language? |
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Definition
- Language is a cultural invention
- All languages are equally sophisticated
- Children learn to talk by imitating their parents
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- Non-standard dialects are less logical than standard dialects
- Black ppl English follows same rules as normal English
- Language pervades thought, with different language causing speakers to construe reality in different ways.
- Language degrades over time |
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Term
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Definition
- Means of communication between different languages
- Choppy
- Not a real language
- No grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| - When a Pidgin is turned into a full language usually when a group of children learn it as a first language. They add grammar. |
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Term
| What is Over-generalization? |
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Definition
The process of extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm
-Eg. I walked (Right)
I rided (Wrong) |
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Term
| What is the name of the "language gene"? |
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Definition
FOXP2 - linked to language ability
- Tested them in gorillas, chimps, etc and humans had a slight amino acid change.
- which might have led to a different jaw and face structure |
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Term
| What is the difference between Linguistic Competence and Performance? |
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Definition
C: The knowledge of a language represented by the mental grammar; unconscious knowledge
P: The use of L.C in the production and comprehension of language |
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Term
| What is the difference between Descriptive and Prescriptive grammar? |
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Definition
D: A linguist's description of the mental grammar, including units, structures, and rules; explicit statement of what speakers know about their language.
P:Rules of Grammar brought about by grammarians attempts to legislate what grammatical rules should be, rather then what they are. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Teaching and Reference Grammar? |
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Definition
T:A set of language rules written to help speakers learn a second or foreign language or a different dialect of their language
R:A description of a language that attempts to be as thorough and comprehensive as possible; can be used as a reference for those interested in establishing grammatical facts |
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Term
| What is Universal Grammar? |
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Definition
| The innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages. |
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Term
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Definition
Repetitive drills in simplified speech variety
eg. Look at the doggie, See the doggie? There's a doggie |
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Term
| What hemisphere is used mostly for language? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effects of damage to the Broca in the brain? |
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Definition
Broca's aphasia have very hard time in getting the speech out
eg. No, er, yes, yes ...ship... Abbbots...ford... um... |
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Term
| What is the effects of damage done to the Wernicke's area in the brain? |
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Definition
- Words are fluent, but nonsensical with no coherent meaning.
- They also have difficulty in comprehending speech of other people
-eg. Boy, I am quite foipop. I impose a lot over the trebbin. |
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Term
| What is Specific Language Impairment (SLI)? |
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Definition
- People with SLI develop language late, never fully reaching the linguistic ability of 'normal' speakers.
- There IQ is the same
eg. Its a flying finches,
-they are Carol is cry in the church
- SLI is hereditary which suggests it is related to certain genetic defect. |
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Term
| Is parrots can speak English, then can they product sentences? |
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Definition
| No, because all they do is imitate. They do not understand what they are saying. |
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Term
| What are Psycholinguistics? |
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Definition
| - Study of how language is represented in the mind, and how it is acquired. |
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Term
| What are Sociolinguistics? |
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Definition
| - Study of language in social context |
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Term
| What is Historical Linguistics? |
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Definition
| - Study of how language changes over time\ |
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Term
| What is Evolutionary linguistics? |
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Definition
| - Study of human language in cross species context |
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Term
| What is Neurolinguistics? |
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Definition
| - Study of the brain mechanisms underlying the acquisition and use of language |
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Term
| If a certain color is not within a language, then how can they describe it? |
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Definition
| Using modifiers, (eg light or dark) |
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Term
| True or False; Language determines thought |
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Definition
| False; Language determines Culture |
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Term
| What is the strong version (linguistic determinism) of Sapif Whorf Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| People's thoughts are determined by the categories made available by their language |
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Term
| What is the weak version (linguistic relativity) of Sapir Whorf Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers |
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Term
| What is the hoax about 'snow' in Eskimo? |
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Definition
| Eskimo is not a language and even if it was, thats not remarkable. |
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Term
| If sapir Whorf was true, then what would it imply |
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Definition
| That some cultures are truly more primitive than other because their language does not enable its speakers to think truly modern thoughts |
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Term
| What are framing decisions? |
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Definition
| Framing: eg. 75% lean vs 25% fat |
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Term
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Definition
Bunch of sentences that refet to the same thing(point)
eg. The tall blond man with one black shoe is John's brother. The man lives in New york. He is visiting john. |
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Term
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Definition
Words that depend on content.
-eg. I, yesterday, there.
I could mean many things. I refers to me, not someone else |
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Term
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Definition
Sentences with the same meaning.
eg- Sam sprayed paint onto the wall
- Sam sprayed the wall with paint |
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Term
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Definition
Abstraction of what we actually say
- people often forget the exact wording of something they read, but can convey the gist of it
- knowledge is independent of language
- eg. A fact learned in a different language |
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Term
| What was Pullum's main argument about the snow hoax? |
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Definition
- Horsebreeders have various names for breeds sizes and ages of horses.
- printers have different names for fonts
- so what, thats not interesting. |
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Term
| Is thought dependent on language? |
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Definition
No,
- eg. deaf adults can understand numbers. tie shoes. etc
- babies can count (mickey mouse example) |
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Term
| Give four examples that proves animals don t need language for thought. |
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Definition
- Orangutans can learn complex tasks
- Birds can make tools
- Monkeys can tell blood relations
- Animals have an awareness of self (eg. mirror monkey) |
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Term
| Why is it called Discrete Combinatorial System? |
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Definition
D: Because it uses small finite words
C: Combining words
S: Following Rules |
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Term
| What is Finite State Automaton? |
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Definition
| - Sentence as a chain of words. Each 'state' is associated with a rule that allows the speaker to produce a word and move to the next position. |
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Term
| Name three problems with Finite State Automaton? |
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Definition
- People dont learn language by remembering what word follows the other
- FSA has no memory for long distance dependency)(Either , or ) (Else if)
- There is no grammatical limit to nesting long distance dependencies. We would need a infinite number of states in our brain (which we dont have) |
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Term
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Definition
| The grouping of words into a phrase |
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Term
| Name six propositional phrases.! |
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Definition
- in
- with
- on
- of
- to
- out |
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Term
| What is Lexical Ambiguity? |
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Definition
The meaning of a sentence may be ambiguous if one of the words in the sentence is ambiguous.
- John lives by the bank |
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Term
| What is the Grey matter on the surface of the brain(cortex) used for? |
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Definition
- higher level functions
- intelligence (eg. Language) |
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Term
| What is the white matter, (underneath) the brain associated with? |
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Definition
- Basic Functions
- eg. Movement, balance, heartbeat, etc |
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Term
| What is the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
| The nerve fibers connecting the right and lef hemispheres |
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Term
True or False:
The brain is contralateral brain functions
- eg. left hemisphere controls the right side of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the left and right side in the brain used for? |
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Definition
L: Language, math, logic, looks at parts
R: Musical and creative ability, looks at wholes |
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Term
| What is Neurolinguistics? |
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Definition
| The study of the relationship between language behavior and the brain |
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Term
| Name five evidence that language is controlled by the left side of the brain? |
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Definition
1)Aphasia
- Damage done to the left side results in retarded language
2) Tests (eg. PET)
3) Language impairment since childhood
- Children with lesions to left hemisphere have trouble acquiring language
4)Split brains - left brain used for verbal tasks (eg. Banana in right hand, can be names
5)Sign language - Damage to right hemisphere results in visual spatial problems |
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Term
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Definition
- damage to Broca area results in loss of syntactic ability, word finding pauses, loss of function words, disturbed word order.
eg. yes .. ah.. i .. mond .. eh? |
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Term
Broca's Aphasics have difficulty in figuringn out the grammatical functions
od sentences. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Wernicke's Aphasia? |
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Definition
- damage to the Wernicke's area causes errors in the production of words (semantic ability) and difficulty in comprehension of speech.
eg. I felt worse because i can no longer mind from the mind of the mind
full of lexical errors |
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Term
| Name three tests done to determine brain function. |
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Definition
1)Position Emission Tomography(PET)
- it detects in color the areas of the brain that are working any given moment
2)Function Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI): Takes pictures of brain while performing tasks (increased blood flow)
3)Dichotic Listening: Headphones... left ear detects noises better (right brain), right ear understands words better(left brain) |
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Term
| How do deaf patients react to damage to Broca's and Wernicke's Area? |
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Definition
B: severe dysflunt, agrammatic sign production
W: Find it harded to understand others; disorganized signing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organization of the brain and mind into distinct, independent and autonomous parts that interact with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
studies the physical nature of speech sounds
eg. pot(pHot) spot(spot) |
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Term
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Definition
Concentrates on the distinctive characteristics of the sounds in a language
Lock vs Rock
- easy to understand diff in english not Jap |
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Term
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Definition
| studies the structure of words, putting morphemes together (walk+ed) |
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Term
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Definition
concerned with the structure of sentences and how sentences are formed
eg. One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. |
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Term
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Definition
Investagates the interpretation of words, phrases and sentences?
eg. Have you stopped beating your dog? |
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Term
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Definition
Part of sentences which comes from world knowledge.
Eg. separate two eggs, but doesnt say how far |
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