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| A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. |
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| A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. |
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| Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions. |
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| A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
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| An element that is indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. |
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| Found in the nucleus of an atom, a subatomical particle having no electrical charge (neutral). |
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| Found in the nucleus of an atom, a subatomical particle with a single positive electrical charge. |
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| A subatomical particle with a single negative charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. |
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| An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. |
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| A measure of mass for atoms and subatomical particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu. |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. |
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| The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. |
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| The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom. |
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| One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. |
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| An Isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy. |
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| An electron in the outermost electron shell. |
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| The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. |
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| A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
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| Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
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| A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. |
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| A double convalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. |
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| The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. |
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| An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
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| A positively charged ion. |
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A negatively charged ion. |
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| A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositelly charged ions. |
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| A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. |
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| Van der Waals interactions |
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| Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations. |
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| The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. |
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| A starting material in a chemical reaction. |
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| A material resulting from a chemical reaction. |
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| A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule. |
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| The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
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| The attraction between different kinds of molecules. |
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| A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bondding of surface molecules. |
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| The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree Celsius. The Calori, usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie. |
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| A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius. |
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| A unit of energy. 1 J= 0.239 cal; 1 cal= 4.184 J. |
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| The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C. |
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| The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. |
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| The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state. |
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| A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
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| The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent know. |
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| A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
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| A solution in which water is the solvent. |
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| Having an affinity for water. |
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| Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. |
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| A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid. |
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| The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight. |
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6.02 x 10 to the 23rd
The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules. |
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| A common meausure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. |
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| A single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion and a hydrogen ion. |
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| A water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+. |
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| A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-. |
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| A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
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| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
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| A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. |
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| A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. |
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| The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds). |
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| Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. |
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| One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers and enantiomers. |
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| One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
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| One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the infexibility of double bonds. |
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| One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other. |
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| A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions. |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| An adenine-containing nucel |
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| A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. |
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| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |
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| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
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| A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction. |
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| A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers. |
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| A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
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| The simplest carbohydrate , active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O. |
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| A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |
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| A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by (weird sign) glycosidic linkages. |
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| An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. |
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| A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by (weird sign) glycosidic linkages. |
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| A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthopods. |
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| One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
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| A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triaclglycerol or triglyceride. |
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| A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. |
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| A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
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| A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
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| A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached. |
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| A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones. |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
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| A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure. |
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| An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
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| The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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