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| Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, gene, species. |
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protist, fungi, plant, animals
single celled i.e. mold. |
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| nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phulsphite, sulfur |
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monosacchrides > carbohydrate
amino acid > protein
nucleotide > nucleic acid |
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Definition
have nucleus of protons and neutrons and contain shells around the nucleus in which electrons orbit
proton positive
neutron no charge
electron negative charge |
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| molecules that release hydrogen ions in solution |
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| molecules that either take up hydrogen ions or give off hydroxide ions in solution |
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| in covalent reactions atoms share electrons resulting in covalent bonds |
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| atoms give up or accept electorns resulting in ions w/opposite charges |
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| form when a covalent bond H+ is attracted to - charged atom in a neighboring molecule |
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Definition
Living things are
1. organized
2. acquire materials and energy
3. reproduce
4. respond to stimuli
5. homeostatic
6. grow and develope
7. are adapted |
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| found in living things, always contains both carbon and hydrogen |
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| are formed from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids molecules |
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water loving
water fearing |
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| speed reaction reduce time from days to fractions of seconds |
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contains true nucleus
have membrane bound organelle
plants animals protist fungi |
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Definition
lack nucleus
lack membrane organelle
i.e. blue green algae |
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Term
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Definition
plant & animal have organelles
plants have chloroplast
plants have cell wall & plasma membrane
animals have centrioles |
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Definition
| protein synthesis occurs in tiny organelles = ribosomes = makes protein |
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Term
| E.R (endoplasmic reticulum) |
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Definition
| system of membranous channels and saccules |
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Definition
| Studded with ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis and processing |
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Definition
| lacks ribosomes is site of synthesis of phospholipids and packaging of protein into vesicles |
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Definition
| stack of curved saccules recives protein and also lipid filled vesicles from the E.R. packages, processes, and distributes within the cell |
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Definition
| vesicles produced by golgi apparatus contain hydrolic enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion |
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Definition
| that contain enzymes use up oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide. produce bile salt. |
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| bound by 2 membranes enclosing a fluid filled stroma that contains enzymes |
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| found in plant and animal cells bound by a double membrane surrounding a fluid filled matrix |
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does not use chemical energy
a. diffusion
b. facilitated transport
= passive |
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Definition
| requires chemical energy and usually a carrier protein. ions and molecules are moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient |
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Definition
| shipping out, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane for secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate- energy currency of cells |
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Definition
| when oxygen is not available cells turn to fermentation. during fermentation the pyruvate formed by glycolysis is reduced to alcohol or one of several organic acids, like lactate. |
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Definition
light dependent reactions that capture energy from the sun
electrons are energized when chlophyll absorbs solar energy used to produce ATP and NADPH |
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Photosynthesis
2. synthesis |
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Definition
light independent reactions that produce a carbohydrate
calvin cycle carbon dioxide take up then reduced by ATP and NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
1. fixation of CO2
2. reduction of CO2
3. regeneration of RuBP |
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Definition
division of nucleus
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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| ensures diploid number of chromosomes after fertilization, combination of traits that differ from either parent. |
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| G1(growth), S(DNA replicates), G2(growth), M(mitosis) |
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| refers to the genes of an individual which can be represented by two letters |
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| means both alleles are the same |
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| means that the members of the allelic pair are different |
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| refers to the physical or observable characteristics of the individual |
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| alternative forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of homologous chromosome and affecting the same trait |
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Definition
| expressed when present recessive only expressed in absence of dominant allele |
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Definition
| most common lethal genetic disorder reduction in water > thick mucus, accumulation in bronchial passageways and pancreatic ducts. |
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Definition
| lack an enzyme needed for normal metabolism |
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| small benign tumors made of nerve cells or on organs. |
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| experience progressive degeneration of the nervous system. |
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Definition
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Definition
| in the nucleus a segment of DNA unwinds and unzips and the DNA serves as a template from mRNA formation |
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Definition
| gene expression lead to protein synthesis during translation the sequence for codons in mRNA, |
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| 20 amino acids; 64 different triplets |
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Definition
| carries genetic information to the ribosomes |
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| formation of new blood vessels to bring additional nutrients and oxygen to a tumor; |
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| invasion of other tissues by establishment of tumors at new sites |
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| segement of DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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| group of organisms that can interbreed producing fertile offspring |
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| all the members of the same species interacting with the enviorment at a particular locale |
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| consists of all the various populations within an area |
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| the community plus its nonliving habitat including abotic, and biotic components |
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Definition
primary succession- starts on areas devoid soil
Aquatic succession- occurs in aquatic communities
Secondary succession- occurs when a present biotic community exists with soil structure present |
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uniform
random
clumped- human population |
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Definition
| results in j shaped curve because as the population increase in size so does the expected increase in new members |
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Definition
| S shaped curve and population equilibrium; populations stops growing because environmental resistance opposes biotic potential |
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| Opportunistic population (R strategist) |
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Definition
| have a short lifespan, small stature, and produce many offspring to take advantage of new resources |
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| Equilibrium species (K strategist) |
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Definition
| live longer, are larger and produce fewer young but have greater parental care; they hold near carrying capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| predators include lions, parasites that draw blood from host, herbivores that eat grass |
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close interaction between two populations
1. parasitism
2. commensalism
3. mutualism |
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Definition
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| animals eat other animals |
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| humans that eat plants & animals |
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20% of earths surface
cold dark most of the year
plants: lichens, moss, grasses, low shrubs |
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Term
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Definition
| swampland, spruce trees, moose, fir trees, pine, birds, bears, deer |
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| temperate deciderous forest |
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Definition
| high rainfall, oak, beech, maple, chipmunkcs, bobcats |
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Term
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Definition
| warm, rainfall plentifull, MOST diverse, orchards, ferns |
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Definition
| short trees adapted to drought and fire. shrub land in California = chaparral |
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Term
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Definition
| rainfall greater that 25 cm insufficient to support trees, grazing, flooding, drought, fire, mice, prairie dogs, rabbits |
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| contain trees cool dry season, hot rainy ones, elephants, giraffes, antelope, zebra |
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Definition
| cacti adapt to water conservation reptile, insects, birds, rodents |
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| nutrient rich, high productivity |
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| nutrient poor, low productivity |
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| upper layer of water, warm from sun |
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| middle layer, sharp temp drop |
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