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| types of organic macromolecule polymers |
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Definition
| lipids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acid |
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| nucleotides: A,C,G,T,U cAMP, ATP, GTP |
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| fatty acids,phospholipids, triglycerides |
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| phospholipid bilayer, HDL and LDL, oils and fats |
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| 3 fatty acids bind to a glycerol |
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| bond between oxygen and carbon |
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| natural form of unsaturated fatty acid |
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| carry sequence info in the polymerized chains and pass on this info to cells through replication and cell division |
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| any molecule that has carbon with a covalent bond |
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| 10,000+ daltons; chains of monomers |
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| has an OH group to bind with other molecules |
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| polymer chain created? destroyed? |
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Definition
created through condensation, water is released and covalent bonds unite the monomers
destroyed through hydrolysis, water is added which breaks the bonds between monomers |
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Definition
| 2 polymer strand held together with hydrogen bonds |
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| long polymer chains of amino acids |
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| peptide bonds and disulfide |
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| core there is an alpha carbon, surrounded by a H bond, an amino group NH3+, carboxyl group COOH, hydrogen atom, and an R group |
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Definition
forms between the C of the carboxyl group and the N from the amino group
-connects the monomers into polypeptides through condensation |
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| sugar, usually glucose, used to store energy in plants and animals |
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| dissacharide formed with a glycosidic bond between two carbonds glucose and fructose with oxygen |
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| examples of polysaccharides |
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| cellulose, starch, glycogen |
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Definition
| person who gives names to species and figures out where they go |
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| inferring the history of facts using the fewest possible assumptions |
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| naming organisms with respect to their usefulness |
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| the science of figuring out relationships between species |
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| shows branching patterns at endpoints of taxa |
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| intellectual organization of concepts |
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| shared primitive trait [all organisms have it] |
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| quantitative measurement to determine branching pattern, distance tells us similarity |
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| comparison of embryo - evolutionary primitive and advanced anatomical structures |
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| process of molecular comparison of species |
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Definition
| gel electrophoresis - subject a dna or protein to an electric shock and see if they have the same pattern of migration |
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Definition
| proportion of nucleotide similarity by gel electrophoresis [p = nd/n] |
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| constant rate of amino acid substitutions over deep evolutional time |
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Definition
| biological, phylogenetic, symbiogenetic, morphospecies |
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| biological species concept |
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Definition
| reproductive isolation: allopatric speciation-species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups |
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| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| 2 species are closely related it is assumed that they should carry the same mutations in their mitochondrial dna |
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| species are organisms that look the same |
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| if all individuals are composed of the same set of integrated genomes, they belong to the same species |
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| geographic isolation leads to the behavioral differences of two subpopulations |
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| anything that prevents the fertilization of an egg cell |
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| zygote doesn't develop or produce offspring |
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| evolutionary development of a species |
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| evolutionary development of a species |
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| depict members of the same group united by ancestry but also include info on divergence of character |
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| shared derived characters [not everyone has it] |
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| every type of speciation except geographical |
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| what's needed for speciation to occur? |
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| reproductive isolation, barrier to gene flow, migration, natural selection |
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| implies seperate sites of origin evolving parallel to one another |
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| o Widespread extinction of most of the ancestral population of homo erectus and then a repopulation of the planet by a small allopatric population |
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| sometimes completely different species adapt to similar environments and have similar anatomical traits and yet still retain reproductive isolation [birds and bats] |
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| species rapidly evolve to fill up available habitats |
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| species overusing its habitat or competitive exclusion |
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| ordocivian, deconian, permian, triasic, cretaceous |
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| descendants differ form ancestor and ancestor died out- the genetic line is still in tact but changing over time |
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| agents of natural selection |
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Definition
| predators, disease, environment, competition, etc |
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intraspecific
interspecific - 2 species, 1 can eliminate the other |
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An anatomical, behavioral, biochemical, or genetic
feature that enhances an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce. |
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Is measured by the number of offspring that live to
reproduce. |
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| genetic altruism, your family has same traits, so you care about their fitness as well |
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Definition
When phenotype varies due to particular
environmental stimuli, two or more different forms can result from the same genotype. |
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Definition
An interactive process between heredity and
environment occurring throughout the life of
the organism |
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Term
| Hardy weinburg equilibrium |
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Definition
| random mating, no migration, no mutation, no natural selection |
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Term
| 3 events required for natural selection |
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Definition
| variation in population, heritability of traits, differential reproductive success |
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