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Definition
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| first law of thermodynamics (or law of conservaton of energy) |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| whenever energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of energy that is in useful forms decreases. |
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| What do spontaneous changes in energy result in? |
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Definition
| Energy tends to become distributed evenly. |
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| Processes that proceed spontaneously lead to |
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Definition
| increasing randomness and disorder |
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Definition
| increasing randomness and disorder |
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| Living things use the energy of sunlight to create what? |
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Definition
| Low-entropy conditions (to battle against disorder) |
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Definition
| converts one set of substances, the reactants, into another set, the products. |
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| a reaction that releases energy. Its products contain less energy than the reactants. |
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Definition
| requires and input of energy from some outside source. The products of an endergonic reaction contain more energy than the reactants. |
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| once started, exergonic reactions proceed |
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Definition
| without an input of energy. Run downhill. |
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Term
| All reactions require what? |
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Definition
| an initial input of energy |
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Definition
| an exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction. Example Photosynthesis. |
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| How is energy carried between coupled reactions? |
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Definition
| energy-carrier molecules that are unstable so they are used only for temporary energy transfer within cells. |
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| What is the most common energy carrier molecule? |
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Definition
| Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate in a reaction that uses energy released in cells through glucose breakdown. |
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| Besides ATP, what other carrier molecules transport energy in a cell? Name one. |
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Definition
| Electron carriers- NAD, FAD |
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Definition
| capture the energetic electrons to which energy is transferred in some exergonic reactions, and the loaded electron carriers then donate the electrons to molecules participating in endergonic reactions. |
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| How do cells control their metablic reactions? |
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Definition
| through the use of proteins called enzymes. |
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Definition
| many reactions linked in sequences |
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| At body temperatures how fast do many spontaneous reactions occur? |
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Definition
| Too slowly to sustain life. (need a catalyst) |
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Definition
| are molecules that speed up a reaction without themselves being used up or permanently altered. |
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| Catalysts can only speed up what reactions? |
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Definition
| those that would occur spontaneously anyway. |
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Definition
| usually proteins that are biological catalysts. |
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| What allows enzymes to catalyze specific reactions? |
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Definition
| their function is closely related to their structure. |
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| Each enzyme has a complex three-dimensional shape that includes a pocket called the _____________, into which reactant molecules, called ______, can enter. |
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Definition
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| Each enzyme breaks apart what? |
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Definition
| Only a specific sequence of amino acids. |
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| The activity of enzymes is influenced by what? |
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Definition
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| What changes in the environment are enzymes sensitive to? |
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Definition
| ph, salt concentration, temperature. |
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| What do enzymes do to reactants? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the nonslective movement of extracellular fluid, enclosed within a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane, INTO a cell. |
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Definition
| a type of endocytosis in which extensions of a plasma membrance engulf extracellular particles and transport them INTO the interior of the cell |
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