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| enzymes that cut DNA at specfic sequences, found only in bacteria (a mechanism for self defense) |
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| specific location(s) (~4-8 nucleotides) where restriction endonucleases cut DNA |
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| can be read the same forward as backward; in DNA it is inverted and is read the same forward as it is on the opposing strand |
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| an end of a DNA double strand at which a few unpaired nucleotides of one strand extend beyond the other |
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| an end of a DNA double strand at which all nucleotides are paired (no overhang) |
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| enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands |
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| DNA of different origins that have been combined |
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| making identical copies of an organism (bacteria or animal) or of a single DNA fragment |
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| circle of bacterial DNA that is readily taken up by bacteria and is used in cloning or inserting desireable genes into bacteria; most common cloning vector |
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| a virus that works by inserting DNA into a bacterium or cell; can be used as a cloning vector |
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| genetic uptake by bacteria |
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| bacterial artificial chromosomes (100-300 kbp) |
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| yeast artificial chromosomes (up to a million base pairs); grown in yeast |
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| contains the DNA of the entire genome including: coding regions, gene control regions, introns, gene spacer regions, and repetitive DNA |
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| process by which DNA is cleaved into millions of pieces by restriction endonuclease, inserted into millions of plasmids, and those plasmids are cloned into bacteria |
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| a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes. |
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| a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for proteins or peptide sequences |
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| complementary DNA; DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA (mRNA) template in a reaction catalysed by the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase; often used to clone eukaryotic genes in bacteria |
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| genetic library containing only the sequences found in mature mRNAs isolated from tissues; each tissue contains a different library |
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| enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription |
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| heating DNA which separates strands |
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| cooling separated DNA to combine them, usually to make recombinant DNA |
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| Thermostable DNA polymerase |
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Definition
| Taq polymerase; isolated from thermophilic bacteria and used in PCR due to it's high heat stability |
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| machine used in PCR to alternate stages of DNA melting and DNA synthesis |
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| chemically synthesized nucleotides that lack an 3' hydroxyl group, preventing any further nucleotides from becoming attached (terminates DNA sequence) |
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| polymerase chain reaction; used to amplify or clone a segment of DNA |
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| an organism that contains genetic material that has been artificially introduced |
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| the vector into which the gene of interest to express has been cloned |
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| the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders |
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| a map of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features. |
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| a map of the relative positions of genetic loci on a chromosome, determined on the basis of how often the loci are inherited together. |
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| a map of the linear positions of genes on a DNA molecule |
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| the production of two or more distinct mRNAs from RNA transcripts having the same sequence via differences in splicing (by the choice of different exons). |
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| nucleotide sequences that occur repeatedly in a single genome. |
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| long transposable elements inserted randomly into the genome |
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| short transposable elements that insert randomly into the genome |
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Definition
| short sequences of DNA, normally of length 2-5 base pairs, that are repeated numerous times in a head-tail manner, i.e. the 16 bp sequence of "gatagatagatagata" would represent 4 head-tail copies of the tetramer "gata" |
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Definition
| sequence is similar to the structural gene but does not code for a protein; A section of a chromosome that is an imperfect copy of a functional gene |
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Definition
| noncoding pseudogene produced by integration of a reverse transcribed mRNA into the genome |
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| genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered |
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| analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals |
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| grid of DNA segments of known sequence that is used to test and map DNA fragments, antibodies, or proteins |
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Definition
| conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein |
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| Differential gene expression |
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Definition
| the expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome |
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Definition
| the process by which genetic information represented by a sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of RNA, with the DNA serving as a template |
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Definition
| the process by which a sequence of nucleotide triplets in a messenger RNA molecule gives rise to a specific sequence of amino acids during synthesis of a polypeptide or protein |
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Term
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Definition
| strand of DNA that is transcribed to make RNA |
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Term
| Non-template Strand (DNA) |
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Definition
| a.k.a. sense strand or coding strand. It will have the same sequence as the RNA transcript, except that T is present at positions where U is present in the RNA transcript |
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Term
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Definition
| messenger RNA: the template for protein synthesis; the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell |
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| ribosomal RNA; a basic building block for ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer RNA: RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA) |
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| small nuclear RNAs, often part of the RNA splicing mechanism |
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| mRNA that encodes more than one protein (prokaryotes and viruses) |
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| region of a DNA molecule that forms the site at which transcription of a gene starts |
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| prokaryotic transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene promoters |
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Definition
| structure formed during assembly of the transcription initiation complex consisting of the RNA polymerase and/or accessory proteins attached to the promoter, after the DNA has been opened up by breakage of base pairs |
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Definition
| completion of successful initiation of transcription that occurs when the RNA polymerase moves away from the promoter sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| non-base-paired region of the double helix, maintained by RNA polymerase, within which transcription occurs; a molecular structure that occurs during the transcription or replication of DNA when DNA helicase and DNA topoisomerase "unzip" the DNA double strand |
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Term
| RNA Polyemerase I (Pol I) |
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Definition
| transcribes ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) |
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| RNA Polyemerase II (Pol II) |
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Definition
| transcribes protein-encoding genes (mRNA) |
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| RNA Polyemerase III (Pol III) |
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Definition
| transcribes genes for small RNA molecules (e.g. tRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. The structure is also known as a hairpin or hairpin loop; followd by unstable DNA-RNA region causing polymerase to stall, releasing complete RNA |
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Definition
| TATA-binding protein that occurs at -30 TATA sequence; results in structural DNA bending |
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Definition
| the tail on RNA polymerase II; typically consists of up to 52 repeats of the sequence Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser; becomes phosphorylated which begins elongation and termination removes the phosphates; plays a critical role in RNA processing |
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Definition
| acts as a helicase to pry apart DNA and a kinase to phosphorylate CTD |
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Term
| Regulatory element (cis-acting) |
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Definition
| DNA regulatory sequence that controls transcription of adjacent genes only |
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| Regulatory element (trans-acting) |
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Definition
| protein that binds to DNA sequences to control transcription of many genes by recognizing DNA sequence side chains in the major groove |
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Definition
| genes that are always expressed, like housekeeping proteins, that only require a promoter |
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Definition
| major structural motif capable of binding DNA. It is composed of two α helices joined by a short strand of amino acids and is found in many proteins that regulate gene expression |
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| small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions in order to stabilize the fold; most prevalent |
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Definition
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| "chopsticks"; a common three-dimensional structural motif in proteins. These motifs are usually found as part of a DNA-binding domain in various transcription factors, and are therefore involved in regulating gene expression |
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Definition
| a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene; encodes polycistronic mRNA and is found only in prokaryotes |
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