Term
| Who is the father of taxonomy? |
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Definition
| Carl Linneaus (1707-1778) |
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Term
| What is "taxonomy" the science of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes two animals to be considered to be of the same species? |
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Definition
| They can produce viable offspring. |
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Term
| How is each species referred to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do scientists use scientific names? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should an accurate taxonomy reflect? |
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Definition
| Evolutionary relatedness. |
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Term
| What should individuals within a bin contain? |
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Definition
| All the organisms that share a common ancestor. |
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Term
| What is a branching diagram that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a phylogenetic tree? |
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Definition
| A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships. |
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Term
| What two data sources are used on phylogenetic trees? |
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Definition
| Morphological characters and molecular characters. |
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Term
| What is a valuable tool for tracing organisms' evolutionary history and allows scientists to infer relatedness? |
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Definition
| Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules. |
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Term
| What type of DNA changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of DNA evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did scientists finish organizing the relationships among species? |
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Definition
| They haven't. The work is FAR from over. |
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Term
| What are the three domains? |
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Definition
| Eukarya, archaea, and bacteria. |
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Term
| What two domains are more closely related than the third? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tree of life based largely on? Why? |
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Definition
| rRNA genes. They have evolved slowly. |
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Term
| What is the movement of genes from one genome to another? |
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Definition
| Horizontal gene transfer. |
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Term
| What complicates efforts to build a tree of life? |
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Definition
| Horizontal gene transfer. |
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Term
| Who proposed that mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes came from symbiotic bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does "-symbionts" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we know so little about bacteria and archaea? |
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Definition
| They are so small and most are not culturable. |
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Term
| What percentage of bacteria and archaea are not culturable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best way scientists learn about bacteria and archaea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since culturing is impossible on >99% of bacteria and archaea, how are scientists starting to learn about uncultured diversity? |
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Definition
| By studying DNA from different environments. |
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Term
| What infects nearly every eukaryote? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are five traits of bacteria and archaea that allow tremendous physiological diversity? |
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Definition
| Small size, rapid generation time, endospores-durable resting stage to wait out hard times, small/light spores are easily dispersed to new habitats, horizontal gene transfer. |
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Term
| What are the energy and carbon sources for photo-autotrophs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the energy and carbon sources for chemo-autotrophs? |
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Definition
| Inorganic chemicals, CO2. |
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Term
| What are the energy and carbon sources for photo-heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| Light, organic compounds. |
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Term
| What are the energy and carbon sources for chemical-heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| Organic chemicals, organic compounds. |
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Term
| What are three ways Horizontal Gene Transfer occurs? |
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Definition
| Transferred during conjugation of bacteria, bacteria pick up DNA directly from their environment, viruses move DNA between bacteria. |
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Term
| What releases the most energy in cell metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can some bacteria and archaea use instead of oxygen in cell metabolism? |
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Definition
| Other oxidants. (ex: Nitrate (NO3), Sulfate (SO4), etc...) |
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Term
| What domain includes the majority of prokaryotes that we know of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What domain includes the extremophiles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three types of environments where extremophiles are found? |
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Definition
| Hyper-saline, very high temps (up to 121C), anoxic. |
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Term
| What does it mean to be dikaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do heterotrophs get energy? |
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Definition
| Consuming organic carbon (like animals). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are three attributes of saprophytic fungi? |
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Definition
| Excrete digestive enzymes from their surface, reabsorb digestible compounds, they have no stomach so they "grow into their food." |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do mycorrhizal fungi form a relationship with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do parasitic fungi get energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of symbiotic fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of single-celled fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Strong, flexible cell wall material of fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny filaments with high surface area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interwoven mass of hyphae. (Dreadlocks) |
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Term
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Definition
| When cytoplasms of two parents merge, but nuclei do not. |
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Term
| Whet does "heterokaryonic" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Containing infused nuclei wihin a myceleum. |
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Term
| What does karyogamy mean? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When nuclei from parents join, resulting cells are diploid. |
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Term
| What is the most ecologically diverse group of fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What group of fungi includes fruit rots, ferment tempeh, pathogens, and bread mold? |
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Definition
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Term
| What group of fungi acquire phosphorus and nitrogen for plants in exchange for carbon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two "higher fungi?" |
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Definition
| Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. |
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Term
| What group of fungi are in arbuscular mychorrhizal symbiosis with plant roots? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the root "askos" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 65% of all described fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of where ascomycetes are found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four examples of ascomycetes? |
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Definition
| Brewer's yeast, morels, the fungal part of lichens, and penicillium chrysogenum. |
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Term
| What does "basidium" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 37% of all described fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fungi are critical for decomposing dead organic matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of basidiomycetes? |
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Definition
| Crop pathogens such as "rusts" and "smuts" that attack wheat. |
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Term
| What organisms does natural selection favor? |
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Definition
| Those that are the best at living under current conditions. |
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Term
| What is the benefit of haploidy? |
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Definition
| Deleterious mutations are eliminated more quickly in haploid populations. |
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Term
| What are the costs of haploidy? |
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Definition
| All deleterious mutations are exposed. Higher death rate of haploids. |
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Term
| What are some benefits of diploidy? |
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Definition
| Spare allele protects against deleterious mutations. Greater genetiv diversity brings faster adaptations to new environments. Crossing over during meiosis can bring beneficial alleles together. |
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Term
| What are two costs of diploidy. |
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Definition
| Double mutation rate- results in both beneficial and deleterious mutations being more likely. Nutritional demands are higher with greater DNA content (Diploid cells are often larger). |
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Term
| What are three benefits to ploidy cycles? |
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Definition
| Brings benefits of both haploid and diploid. Better chance to exploit resources (haploid/diploid phases may live in different ecological conditions). Dispersing of offspring- Haploid spores may spread far but diploid spores have higher survival rates. |
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Term
| What does gametophyte mean? |
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Definition
| "Haploid-producing plant." |
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Term
| Is a gametophyte haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does a gametophyte produce haploid or diploid gametes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are gametophyte gametes produced? |
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Definition
| Mitosis. Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. |
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Term
| What does sporophyte mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a sporophyte haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a sporphyte produce haploid spores? |
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Definition
| Meiosis. Spores grow into haploid gametophytes. |
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Term
| What are the three phyla of nonvascular plants (Bryophyte)? |
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Definition
| Liverworts, hornworts, mosses (phylum=bryophyte). |
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Term
| What is the dominant stage of non vascular plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form do non vascular plants take? |
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Definition
| Forms ground-hugging carpet with weak tissues and no vascular tubes to transport water and nutrients. |
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Term
| What is notable about the sex of non vascular plants? |
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Definition
| Sexes are usually divided into male and female gametophytes. |
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