Term
| Cells join smaller organic molecules together to form larger molecules called... |
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Definition
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Term
| There are FOUR major classes of macromolecules: |
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids |
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Term
| Macromolecules form long, chainlike molecules called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Polymers consist of many similar or identical builiding blocks (units) linked together by... |
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Definition
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Term
| The repeated units are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Monomers are connected by covalent bonds via... |
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Definition
| Condensation reaction or a dehydration reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| One monomer provides a hydroxyl group and the other provides a hydrogen...this process requires energy and is aided by ENZYMES. |
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Term
| The COVALENT BONDS connecting monomers in a polymer are dissembled by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| As the covalent bond is broken, a HYDROGEN atom and HYDROXYL group from a split water molecule attaches where the covalent bond used to be. |
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Term
| Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as what? |
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Definition
| Serve as fuel and carbon sources |
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Term
| What are the polymers of sugars? |
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Definition
| Polysaccharides which have storage and structural roles |
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Term
| What are the simplest carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Monosaccharides or simple sugars |
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Term
| Carbohydrates include.... |
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Definition
| Monosaccharides, Dissacharides, and Polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| Double sugars, and consist of two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers of monosaccharides |
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Term
| Monosaccharides have what two groups? |
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Definition
| Carbonyl and multiple hydroxyl groups |
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Term
| What happens in if the carbonyl group is at the end of a monosaccharide? |
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Definition
The sugar is an aldose and if not, then it is a ketose...
(most names for sugars end in -ose) |
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Term
| What are some structural isomers? |
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Definition
| Glucose (and aldose) and Fructose (a ketose) |
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Term
| How else are monosaccharides classified? |
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Definition
By the number of carbons in the backbone
(5 carbon backbones are pentoses and 3 carbon sugars are trioses) |
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Term
| Glucose and other sugars exist in what kind of form? |
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Definition
| They exist in a RING structure |
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Term
| When 2 monosaccharides are joined with a glycosidic linkage, it forms what? |
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Definition
It forms a dissaccharide via dehydration
(maltose, malt sugar, is formed by joining 2 glucose molecules) |
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Term
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Definition
| By the joining of glucose and fructose through a 1-2 glyosidic linkage |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glyosidic linkages |
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Term
| What is one function of polysaccharides? |
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Definition
Energy storage macromolecule that is hydrolyzed as needed
(others serve as building materials for the cell or whole organism) |
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Term
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Definition
Storage polysaccharide composed entirely of glucose monomers
(most monomers are joined by 1-4 linkages between the glucose molecules) |
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Term
| One unbranched form of starch forms what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a branched form of starch? |
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Definition
| Amylopectin, which is more complex than an unbranched form |
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Term
| Where do plants store starch? |
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Definition
| Within plastids and chloroplasts |
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Term
| Plants can store a surplus of.....in starch |
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Definition
GLUCOSE and withdraw it when needed for energy or for carbon source
(animals that feed on plants, can also use this starch to support their own metabolism) |
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Term
| Animals store glucose polymers in the form of what? |
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Definition
Glycogen which is highly branched like Amyopectin
(humans and other vertebrates store glycogen in the liver and muscle tissues) |
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Term
| What is the primary monomer used in polysaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one KEY DIFFERENCE among polysaccharides that develops from 2 possible ring structures of glucose? |
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Definition
| These 2 ring forms differ in whether the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon is fixed above (beta glucose) or below (alpha glucose) the ring plane |
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Term
| Starch is a polysaccharide of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a major component of the tough cell wall of plant cells? |
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Definition
CELLULOSE
(it is also a polymer of glucose monomers, but using beta rings) |
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Term
| Polymers built with ALPHA glucose form helical structures, polymers built with BETA glucose form what? |
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Definition
STRAIGHT STRUCTURES
(this allows H atoms on one strand to form hydrogen bonds with OH groups on other strands) |
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Term
| When enzymes digest starch, they cannot what? |
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Definition
| hydrolyze the beta linkages in cellulose |
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Term
| How do some microbes digest cellulose to its glucose monomers? |
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Definition
| Through the use of cellulase enzymes |
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Term
| What kind of relationships with cellulolytic microbes do many eukaryotic herbivores (like cows) have? |
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Definition
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
(this allows them access to this rich source of energy from cellulose) |
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