Term
|
Definition
| Def: measures the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Def: graded change ina trait along a geographic axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Low in animals and plants (1:100000 genes per generation)
- Lower in prokaryotes, higher in viruses. Usually. |
|
|
Term
Population (d)
Gene pool (d) |
|
Definition
Def: Localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Def: All alleles for all loci in a population |
|
|
Term
| 5 conditions of Hardy-Weinberg |
|
Definition
No net mutations
Random mating
No gene flow
Large population
No natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Def: contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals |
|
|
Term
| Species (biological species concept) |
|
Definition
| Def: a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce biologically viable offspring |
|
|
Term
Prezygotic barriers (d)
Examples |
|
Definition
Def: Block fertilization
- Habitat isolation (physical or temporal)
- Behavioral isolation
- Mechanical isolation (incompatibility of genitals)
- Gametic Isolation (sperm can't fertilize eggs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Reduced viability
- Reduced fertility
- Breakdown |
|
|
Term
Morphological species concept
Ecological species concept
Phylogenetic species concept |
|
Definition
M - Defines a species by structural features
E - views a species in terms ecological niche
P - smallest group of individuals on phylogenetic tree |
|
|
Term
Autopolyploid
Allopolyploid |
|
Definition
Auto - individual with more than two chromosome sets derived from one species
Allo - species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species |
|
|
Term
Genomics (d)
Bioinformatics |
|
Definition
Def: study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
Def: Application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data |
|
|
Term
| Human Genome project stages |
|
Definition
Linkage mapping
Physical mapping
DNA sequencing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Def: study of all proteins encoded by the genome
- Proteins, not genes, carry out most of the activities of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria/Archaea: 1-6 Mb
Plants/animals: >100Mb
- No relation within kingdom of genome size
- Humans have 3,200 Mb |
|
|
Term
Pseudogenes (d)
Repetitive DNA (d) |
|
Definition
P - former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional
R - DNA present in multiple copies in the genome |
|
|
Term
| Transposable elements (d) |
|
Definition
| Def: DNA segments that move from one site to another in the DNA molecule |
|
|
Term
Transposons
Retrotransposons |
|
Definition
T - move within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate
R - move by means of an RNA intermediate |
|
|
Term
Simple sequence DNA
Short Random Repeat |
|
Definition
S - contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences
- Cmmon in centromeres and telomeres
STR - repeating series of 2-5 nucleotides
- Repeat number for STRs can vary among sites or individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Gene whose product turns on other genes involved in vocalization
- May explain why humans, but not chimps, have speech |
|
|
