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| contemplation or speculation |
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| assumption or guess; "under theory" |
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| finding something you can't measure and find something equal to measure |
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| group that is subject to the changed variable |
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| group that is under "normal" conditions |
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| an experimental technique for assigning subjects to different treatments (or no treatment). The thinking behind random assignment is that by randomizing treatment assignment, then the group attributes for the different treatments will be roughly equivalent and therefore any effect observed between treatment groups can be linked to the treatment effect and is not a characteristic of the individuals in the group. |
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| placebo is a preparation which is pharmacologically inert but which may have a therapeutic effect based solely on the power of suggestion. It may be administered in any of the ways in which pharmaceutical products are administered |
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| if nobody knows which group one is in |
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| people act differently under observation |
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| ranched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic arbor. |
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| a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. |
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| electrically-insulating dielectric phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth glial cell: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons, whereas oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. Myelin is considered a defining characteristic of the (gnathostome) vertebrates, but it has also arisen by parallel evolution in some invertebrates.[1] |
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-how far it has to go
-how wide the neuron is
-the insulation of a neuron (mylin sheath) |
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| spike" of positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are an essential feature of animal life, rapidly carrying information within and between tissues |
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| a neuron either fires or doesn't fire; stronger stimulus does not make it fire harder |
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| specialized junctions through which the cells of the nervous system signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow the neurons of the central nervous system to form interconnected neural circuits |
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| chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell |
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| esemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being. In other words, they might work as "natural pain killers." Using drugs may increase the effects of the endorphins. |
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| unipolar neuron nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical motor reflex loops and several forms of involuntary behavior, including pain avoidance |
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| a neuron that communicates only to other neurons. Interneurons are the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as well as between themselves |
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| neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS) that project their axons outside the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles. Motor neuron is often synonymous with efferent neuron. |
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| he lower portion of the brainstem. It deals with autonomic functions. The cardiac center is the part of the medulla oblongata responsible for controlling the heart rate. |
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| a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the oldest portions of the brain. |
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| almond-shaped groups of neurons located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system |
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| links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The hypothalamus, (from Greek ὑποθαλαμος = under the thalamus) is located below the thalamus, just above the brain stem. This gland occupies the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon. It is found in all mammalian brains. In humans, it is roughly the size of an almond. controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, [1] fatigue, anger, and circadian cycles. |
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| a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. In non-living, preserved brains, the outermost layer of the cerebrum has a gray color, hence the name gray matter. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the gray matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick, and plays a central role in many complex brain functions including memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness |
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| measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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| measures the haemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. It is one of the most recently developed forms of neuroimaging |
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| a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is introduced into the body on a metabolically active molecule. Images of metabolic activity in space are then reconstructed by computer analysis, often in modern scanners aided by results from a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient at the same time, in the same machine |
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| primarily used in medical imaging to visualize the structure and function of the body. It provides detailed images of the body in any plane. MR has much greater soft tissue contrast than Computed tomography (CT) making it especially useful in neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and oncolological diseases. Unlike CT it uses no ionizing radiation. The scanner creates a powerful magnetic field which aligns the magnetization of hydrogen atoms in the body. Radio waves are used to alter the alignment of this magnetization. This causes the hydrogen atoms to emit a weak radio signal which is amplified by the scanner. This signal can be manipulated by additional magnetic fields to build up enough information to reconstruct an image of the body. |
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covers optic chiasm; bridge between 2 sides of brain
2 sides of brain communicate |
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| cure for epilepsy, right and left brain unable to communicate; ex. orange/duck |
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| the inclination to see events that have occurred as more predictable than they in fact were before they took place. Hindsight bias has been demonstrated experimentally in a variety of settings, including politics, games and medicine. In psychological experiments of hindsight bias, subjects also tend to remember their predictions of future events as having been stronger than they actually were, in those cases where those predictions turn out correct. |
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| the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists. When people form false associations between membership in a statistical minority group and rare (typically negative) behaviors, this would be a common example of illusory correlation |
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| absolute refractory period |
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| period during which a neuron cannot fire; cannot rapid fire |
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| relative refractory period |
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| will fire provided it is given more stimulus |
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| grade A kinin stimulates certain fibers to let you know intense pain |
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| it blocks endorphin receptors |
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| touching one dendrite w/ 3 stimuli and another with 2 they will add together in space |
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| a neuron adds stimuli in time (3 then 2) |
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| touch a neuron and it fires and it alerts the brain |
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| fire when nothing is happening, stop firing when touched |
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| hypothalmus, emotion, not as high thinking |
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| cortex, logical thinking, language, etc. |
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| subdiscipline of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates, or percepts. |
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| lowest amount of something you can sense |
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| Subliminal visual stimuli are words or pictures that are presented so as to be unidentifiable to the viewer's conscious perception. For example, images may be flashed before the eye too quickly for the conscious mind to apprehend. Such stimuli can nevertheless exert an effect on judgment and behavior. |
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| can you tell something is changing (JND) |
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| differences are proportional |
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| length between 2 crests of a wave (or similar points) |
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| the property of light by which the color of an object is classified as red, blue, green, or yellow in reference to the spectrum. (frequency) |
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| height of a wave, intensity |
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| an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to emit a given amount of light. In other words, brightness is the perception elicited by the luminance of a visual target. This is a subjective attribute/property of an object being observed. |
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| black circular or slit shaped opening in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye |
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| onsists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by an epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium |
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| bends the light entering the eye |
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| photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than can the other type of photoreceptor, cone cells. Since they are more light-sensitive, rods are responsible for night vision. Named for their cylindrical shape, rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. |
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| are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye which function best in relatively bright light. The cone cells gradually become more sparse towards the periphery of the retina.allow the perception of color. They are also able to perceive finer detail and more rapid changes in images, because their response times to stimuli are faster than those of rods |
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the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
Contents |
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| also known as a scotoma, is an obscuration of the visual field. A particular blind spot known as the blind spot, or physiological blind spot, is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through it. |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement (for visual stimuli). The nerve cells fire selectively in response to stimuli that have specific characteristics |
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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| the three types of cone photoreceptors could be classified as short-preferring (blue), middle-preferring (green), and long-preferring (red), according to their response to the wavelengths of light striking the retina. The relative strengths of the signals detected by the three types of cones are interpreted by the brain as a visible color. |
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| the inability to perceive differences between some of the colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals. |
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| when an image stays on the eye, is burned onto retina |
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| the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The three types of cones have some overlap in the wavelengths of light to which they respond, so it is more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone's individual response. |
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| the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. |
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| a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani (see figure). |
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| the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in all vertebrates. In mammals, the auditory hair cells are located within the organ of Corti on a thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear. |
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| (figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, retinal disparity, relative motion (motion parallax) |
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| something looks bigger because it is "farther away"; perception of objects as one shape as they change shape on the retina |
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| size-distance relationship |
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| things look bigger the farther away they seem |
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| a color stays the same in your mind although it "changes" due to light variations |
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| the simultaneous inward movement of both eyes toward each other, usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision when viewing an object. [1] It is a type of vergence eye movement. |
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| pitch is how many cycles per second there are in a sound wave; intensity is how tall the wave is (loudness) |
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| transparent covering over the eye |
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| ovea is responsible for sharp central vision, which is necessary in humans for reading, watching television or movies, driving, and any activity where visual detail is of primary importance. |
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| a type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types (bipolar cells and amacrine cells). Retinal ganglion cells collectively transmit visual information from the retina to several regions in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon, or midbrain. |
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| nystagamus and autokinetic effec |
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| nystagamus - auto kinetic effect: eye is constantly tremoring (nystagamus) so things seem like they're moving, constant refresh so we keep seeing things |
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| a technique used in the field of parapsychology to test individuals for extra-sensory perception (ESP). It uses homogeneous and un-patterned sensory stimulation to produce an effect similar to sensory deprivation.[1] (Radin 1997:70-80) The deprivation of patterned sensory input is said to be conducive to inwardly-generated impressions |
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