The Thirty Years’ War began over religion, but developed into… 

·      Rivalry for number one position with catholic countries fighting other catholic countries

·      France vs. Spain and HRE

·      a political war as well

·      it began wider conflict as other European powers – Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain- entered the war

·      important was the conflict between France and the rulers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire for European leadership

·      Result: France emerged as the dominant nation

·      The Peace of Westphalia stated that all German states could determine their own religion; including the Calvinist ones

·      The more than 300 states in the Holy Roman Empire were now recognized as independent states

·      This brought an end to the HRE as a political entity

·      The PoW also made it clear that political motives were the guiding forces in public affairs, not religious motives. 

Thirty Years’ War: its impact on the German states

·      the HRE no longer had any functions

·      all German states completely independent

·      huge losses for population and economy, since the war was mostly fought in the German part of Europe

James I of England: 2 reasons for his conflicts with Parliament 

·      REMEMBER: in Unit V, Parliament had the right to approve any new laws and taxes

·      James I did not accept Parliament’s rights. Made new taxes they had not approved. As well as laws

·      James I opposed the Puritans, and many Puritan leaders were in Parliament

·      He was not ready to accept parliament because he had never worked with Parliament before

·      Divine right of kings: the king was given the power from god

Charles 1: the conflict deepens 

·      a) the Petition of Right (1628)

o   Charles was forced to sign it before accepting any taxes

o   The parliament insisted on having the petition of right because he was making taxes without parliaments approval

o   the petition prohibited taxes without Parliament’s consent.

o   later, Charles ignored the petition

o   we need a navy, navy costs money, I’m raising your taxes

o   he starts putting in new taxes that aren’t cleared

·      b) what the Puritans objected to

o   the way the Church of England was Protestant, but had kept things like kneeling, candlesticks, colored altar cloths (similar to Catholics)

o   The puritans were trying to purify the church

o   In England, Protestant church named church of England. CoE included more ritual, candles, incense, colored cloths on altar, minister with fancy clothes. Puritans say no to all in this list

Oliver Cromwell: how his side won the civil war

·      the 2 sides in this war were: Parliament (roundheads) vs. King (cavaliers)

·      Cromwell led Parliament’s side: better trained, better self-disciplined

·      He was a leader in parliaments armiy in civil war

·      How he won: he created the new model army, men were better trained and fully committed.

·      As a puritan he emphasized “God wants us to win”

Cromwell after his side’s victory. USE ALL IN ESSAY

·      a) the Purge of Parliament

o   Cromwell removed any members of Parliament that didn’t support him

o   He became absolutist ruler

·      b) the Rump of Parliament

o   had Charles I executed

·      c) the official title of England’s new government

o   England a republic or commonwealth

·      d) Cromwell’s way of ruling England

o   he set up a military dictatorship

o   Puritan religion (Calvinist) was mad the official religion

o   Cromwell dictated the “Reformation of Manners”

§  No sports on Sunday

§  No drunkenness

§  No holly or mistletoe

§  No wassailing

§  No bear-baiting

§  No maypole

The reaction against Cromwell’s ways, after he died (1658)

·      not liked

·      after his death, the army leaders decided that military rule was no longer desirable

·      they restored the monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I

Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan (published 1651) as a response to what had happened in England. What’s in the book? (479)

·      a) his assumption about people in a “state of nature” – before governments organized society

o   solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

·      b) his assumption about why people behave as they do

o   humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation.

·      c) the “contract” that formed the state (the government)

o   it was to save themselves from destroying one another, people made a social contract and agreed to form a state, which Hobbes called “the great Leviathan to which we our peace and defense”

·      d) the powers that a successful government must have

o   agree to be governed by an absolute ruler who possessed unlimited power

·      e) the ultimate goal of government

o   to preserve order in society

o   goal= peace and defense

·      f)) suppose a government fails in its basic responsibility. Do the people have the right to make changes?

o   No, if the person disagreed with the person with absolute power disagree they shall be crushed

John Locke’s Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690) came almost 40 years later, and rejected many of Hobbes’ ideas. What’s in Locke’s work? 

·      a) his assumption about people in a “state of nature” – before governments organized society

o   humans lived in a state of equality and freedom

·      b) what he called the 3 “inalienable” rights

o   life

o   liberty

o   property

·      c) the  “contract” that formed government

o   the government would protect the rights of the people

o   the people would act reasonably toward government

·      d) the ultimate goal of government

o   to ensure the protection of their rights

·      e) suppose government fails in its basic responsibility. Do the people have the right to make changes?

o   Yes, the people have the right to form a new government 

From supplement on Hobbes, in syllabus book, p. 59

·      a) TQ. What does Hobbes mean by the “restless desire of power after power”?

o   the people will keep going for power until death they have it unless there is someone in control that has absolute power

·      b) Without a “power to keep them all in awe,” what traits of civilization does Hobbes say will be absent

o   they are in that condition which is called war

o   as is of every man, against every man

o   no: industry, agriculture, navigation, arts, letters

·      c) TQ. When he wrote in 1651, was Hobbes criticizing or defending the form of government England had at the time? What evidence do you have?

o   England in 1651 was ruled by Cromwell, who was an absolutist 

For supplement on Locke, syllabus book, p. 60

·      a) How are people assured of living in peace and safety? (lines 4-5)

o   the establishment of the legislative power, as the first and fundamental natural law which is to govern even the legislative

·      b) What is necessary, in order to make or change law? (lines 14-15)

o   the consent of the legislatures

·      c) A law should be “designed for no other end” (purpose) than… what?

o   The good of the people

·      d) Only with the “consent of the people” can the government.. do what? (lines 30-32)

o   raise property taxes

Why the flintlock musket was better.

·      Easier to fire and more reliable than other muskets

·      Reloading techniques improved: 1-2 shots per minutes

·      Bayonet was added

·      In use by 1600

Gustavus Adolphus as a military leaser: how he used

·      a) the salvo

o   all rows of the infantry fired at once instead of row by row

·      b) the pike charge

o   cut up the massed ranks of the opposing infantry squadrons, were followed by a pike change: -heavy spears 18 ft long, held by pike men massed together in square formations

·      c) cannons

o   added mobility to his forces by using lighter artillery pieces

o   they were more easily moved during battle than the heavier cannons

Why governments were shifting from mercenaries to standing armies

·      beginning of the end for mercenary troops hired for a single campaigning season

·      instead, government began to fund regularly paid  standing armies based partly on conscription (a draft)

·      they need a longer training to carry out the above attacks

·      they need to be available all year

·      Standing armies just kept getting bigger

To maintain a standing army, a government had to do… what? 

·      To maintain a standing army, governments had to raise taxes, making war an economic burden and an even more important part of the European state

With Charles II as king (1660-1685), what important power did parliament keep? Now we are on England

·      With Charles II as king, parliament kept much of the power it had won and continued to play an important role in government

·      Parliament had to give its own consent to taxation

·      Charles II was Church of England : Protestants

·      But from his living in France he was strongly influenced by Catholicism

·      So- Charles II started giving privileges to Catholics. Parliament responded with the Test Act, saying only Church of England can hold political positions

How James II defied parliament

·      James, Charles II brother, did not had the fact that he was Catholic

·      He was promoting Catholic interest

·      He ignored the Test Act

·      Charles suspended the laws that Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans

·      James II’s attempt to promote Catholicism made religion a cause of conflict between king and Parliament once more

·      James named Catholics to high positions in government, army, navy, and universities

·      Issued a Declaration of Indulgences which suspended all laws excluding the Catholics and Puritans from office

What even of 1688 led to the overthrow of James II (the “Glorious Revolution”) 

·      A group of prominent English noblemen invited the Dutch leader, William of Orange, to include England, James, his wife, and son fled to France

·      With almost no bloodshed, England had undergone a “Glorious Revolution) 

EQ 4

Five things guaranteed in England’s Bill of Rights (1689)

·      Parliament wants to be VERY CLEAR about English government

o   The Bill of Rights helped to fashion a system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament

o   Bill of Rights set forth Parliaments right to make laws and levy taxes

o   Bill made it impossible for kings to oppose or to do without parliament by stating that sending armies could only be raised with the consent of Parliament

o   Rights of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial were also confirmed

Kings in Order

James I

Charles I

Cromwell

Charles II

James II

Cromwell sandwich

·      1) Personal household of the king, or where the king lived

·      2) the machinery of the central government (the chief offices of the state) was located there, so Louis could watch over it

·      3) Versailles was the place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves 

Two ways Louis XIV weakened possible threats from French nobles

·      1) removed the very high nobles and princes of the blood (royal princes) from the royal council

·      2) enticed the nobles and royal princes to come to his courts, where he could keep them bust with cart life and keep them out of politics 

Louis XIV and religious conformity 

·      a) first steps against Huguenots

o   aimed at converting all Huguenots to Christianity

o   ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of their schools

o   cancelled edict of nantes

·      b) a Huguenot response to prosecution

o   estimated # of 200,000 Huguenots left for shelter in England, the united provinces, and the German states, although they were forbidden to

·      c) next stage: he canceled the Edict of Nantes, which had guaranteed Huguenots right to worship

Life at Versailles

·      a) the ceremony of levee (getting up in the morning)

o   most daily ceremonies were carefully staged, such as those attending Louis’s rising from bed, dining, praying, attending mass, and going to bed

o   a mob of nobles competed to assist the king in carrying out these solemn activities

o   it was considered a great honor, for example, for a noble to be chosen to hand the king his shirt while dressing

·      b) the many form of entertainment

o   Louis and nobles hunted once a week

o   Walks through Versailles gardens

o   Boating trips, plays, ballets, concerts

o   Gambling (became an obsession at Versailles)

Colbert as Louis XIV’s finance minister

·      a) mercantilism: its definition of favorable balance of trade

o   a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17^th century. Favorable balance of trade in which the goods they exported were of greater value than those they imported

·      b) ways the government encouraged French industry  and trade

o   they granted subsidies to new industries and improved transportation systems by building roads, bridges, and canals. By placing high tariffs (taxes) on foreign foods they could keep out of the country

The size of Louis XIV’s standing army and how it was paid for

·      standing army numbering 400,000 in time of war

·      increased royal power. Waged 4 wars between 1667 and 1713

Louis XIV’s death bed advice to the next king

“Try to remain at peach with your neighbors. I loved war too much. Do not follow me in that or in overspending… lighten your people’s burden as soon as possible and do what u have had the misfortune not to do myself.”

Peter’s time spent in Western Europe: what he realized about Russia

only western technology could give him the army and power to make Russia a great nation

Peter’s actions to strengthen Russia 

A) In Russia’s military

o    Standing army of 210,000

o    Russian and foreign officers

o    Peasants were drafted for 25 years

o    First Russian navy

•    B) In Russia’s economy

o    Adopted Western mercantilist policies

o    Developed new industries

o    Exploited domestic resources like iron mines

Peter got control of Russian Orthodox Church – by creating what?

•    Created a body called the Holy Synod that made decisions

•    The head of it was called the procurator who represented the interests of the tsar 

Peter the Great’s war against Sweden (The Great Northern War)

•    A) Where he won additional territory (map on p. 473)

o    Parts of Sweden so he could have a trading port

•    B) What was built there, at his command

o    A wall

In what ways did these rulers exemplify 17^th century absolutism? 

LOUIS XIV

1. Louis XIV in control after 1661: 3 functions of the royal court at Versailles?

·      1) Personal household of the king, or where the king lived

·      2) the machinery of the central government (the chief offices of the state) was located there, so Louis could watch over it

·      3) Versailles was the place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves

2. Two ways Louis XIV weakened possible threats from French nobles

·      1) removed the very high nobles and princes of the blood (royal princes) from the royal council

·      2) enticed the nobles and royal princes to come to his courts, where he could keep them bust with cart life and keep them out of politics

3. Louis XIV and religious conformity

·      a) first steps against Huguenots

o   aimed at converting all Huguenots to Christianity

o   ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of their schools

o   cancelled edict of nantes

·      b) a Huguenot response to prosecution

o   estimated # of 200,000 Huguenots left for shelter in England, the united provinces, and the German states, although they were forbidden to

·      c) next stage: he canceled the Edict of Nantes, which had guaranteed Huguenots right to worship

4. Life at Versailles

·      a) the ceremony of levee (getting up in the morning)

o   most daily ceremonies were carefully staged, such as those attending Louis’s rising from bed, dining, praying, attending mass, and going to bed

o   a mob of nobles competed to assist the king in carrying out these solemn activities

o   it was considered a great honor, for example, for a noble to be chosen to hand the king his shirt while dressing

·      b) the many form of entertainment

o   Louis and nobles hunted once a week

o   Walks through Versailles gardens

o   Boating trips, plays, ballets, concerts

o   Gambling (became an obsession at Versailles)

5. Colbert as Louis XIV’s finance minister

·      a) mercantilism: its definition of favorable balance of trade

o   a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17^th century. Favorable balance of trade in which the goods they exported were of greater value than those they imported

·      b) ways the government encouraged French industry  and trade

o   they granted subsidies to new industries and improved transportation systems by building roads, bridges, and canals. By placing high tariffs (taxes) on foreign foods they could keep out of the country

6. The size of Louis XIV’s standing army and how it was paid for

·      standing army numbering 400,000 in time of war

·      increased royal power. Waged 4 wars between 1667 and 1713

7. Louis XIV’s death bed advice to the next king

“Try to remain at peach with your neighbors. I loved war too much. Do not follow me in that or in overspending… lighten your people’s burden as soon as possible and do what u have had the misfortune not to do myself.”

In what ways did these rulers exemplify 17^th century absolutism?

PETER THE GREAT

1. Peter’s time spent in Western Europe: what he realized about Russia

•    only western technology could give him the army and power to make Russia a great nation

2. Peter’s actions to strengthen Russia

•    A) In Russia’s military

o    Standing army of 210,000

o    Russian and foreign officers

o    Peasants were drafted for 25 years

o    First Russian navy

•    B) In Russia’s economy

o    Adopted Western mercantilist policies

o    Developed new industries

o    Exploited domestic resources like iron mines

3. Peter got control of Russian Orthodox Church – by creating what?

•    Created a body called the Holy Synod that made decisions

•    The head of it was called the procurator who represented the interests of the tsar

4. Peter the Great’s war against Sweden (The Great Northern War)

•    A) Where he won additional territory (map on p. 473)

o    Parts of Sweden so he could have a trading port

•    B) What was built there, at his command

o    A wall

What conflicts led to England’s civil war?

3. James I of England: 2 reasons for his conflicts with Parliament

·      REMEMBER: in Unit V, Parliament had the right to approve any new laws and taxes

·      James I did not accept Parliament’s rights. Made new taxes they had not approved. As well as laws

·      James I opposed the Puritans, and many Puritan leaders were in Parliament

·      He was not ready to accept parliament because he had never worked with Parliament before

·      Divine right of kings: the king was given the power from god

4. Charles 1: the conflict deepens

·      a) the Petition of Right (1628)

o   Charles was forced to sign it before accepting any taxes

o   The parliament insisted on having the petition of right because he was making taxes without parliaments approval

o   the petition prohibited taxes without Parliament’s consent.

o   later, Charles ignored the petition

o   we need a navy, navy costs money, I’m raising your taxes

o   he starts putting in new taxes that aren’t cleared

·      b) what the Puritans objected to

o   the way the Church of England was Protestant, but had kept things like kneeling, candlesticks, colored altar cloths (similar to Catholics)

o   The puritans were trying to purify the church

o   In England, Protestant church named church of England. CoE included more ritual, candles, incense, colored cloths on altar, minister with fancy clothes. Puritans say no to all in this list

Oliver Cromwell

A) How did he fight against absolutism?

the 2 sides in this war were: Parliament (roundheads) vs. King (cavaliers)

·      Cromwell led Parliament’s side: better trained, better self-disciplined

·      He was a leader in parliaments armiy in civil war

·      How he won: he created the new model army, men were better trained and fully committed.

·     

As a puritan he emphasized “God wants us to win”

B) In what ways did he become an absolutist?

Cromwell after his side’s victory. USE ALL IN ESSAY

·      a) the Purge of Parliament

o   Cromwell removed any members of Parliament that didn’t support him

o   He became absolutist ruler

·      b) the Rump of Parliament

o   had Charles I executed

·      c) the official title of England’s new government

o   England a republic or commonwealth

·      d) Cromwell’s way of ruling England

o   he set up a military dictatorship

o   Puritan religion (Calvinist) was mad the official religion

o   Cromwell dictated the “Reformation of Manners”

§  No sports on Sunday

§  No drunkenness

§  No holly or mistletoe

§  No wassailing

§  No bear-baiting

§ 

No maypole

Compare and contrast Hobbes and Locke

1. Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan (published 1651) as a response to what had happened in England. What’s in the book? (479)

·      a) his assumption about people in a “state of nature” – before governments organized society

o   solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

·      b) his assumption about why people behave as they do

o   humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation.

·      c) the “contract” that formed the state (the government)

o   it was to save themselves from destroying one another, people made a social contract and agreed to form a state, which Hobbes called “the great Leviathan to which we our peace and defense”

·      d) the powers that a successful government must have

o   agree to be governed by an absolute ruler who possessed unlimited power

·      e) the ultimate goal of government

o   to preserve order in society

o   goal= peace and defense

·      f)) suppose a government fails in its basic responsibility. Do the people have the right to make changes?

o   No, if the person disagreed with the person with absolute power disagree they shall be crushed

2. John Locke’s Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690) came almost 40 years later, and rejected many of Hobbes’ ideas. What’s in Locke’s work? (479)

·      a) his assumption about people in a “state of nature” – before governments organized society

o   humans lived in a state of equality and freedom

·      b) what he called the 3 “inalienable” rights

o   life

o   liberty

o   property

·      c) the  “contract” that formed government

o   the government would protect the rights of the people

o   the people would act reasonably toward government

·      d) the ultimate goal of government

o   to ensure the protection of their rights

·      e) suppose government fails in its basic responsibility. Do the people have the right to make changes?

o   Yes, the people have the right to form a new government

3. From supplement on Hobbes, in syllabus book, p. 59

·      a) TQ. What does Hobbes mean by the “restless desire of power after power”?

o   the people will keep going for power until death they have it unless there is someone in control that has absolute power

·      b) Without a “power to keep them all in awe,” what traits of civilization does Hobbes say will be absent

o   they are in that condition which is called war

o   as is of every man, against every man

o   no: industry, agriculture, navigation, arts, letters

·      c) TQ. When he wrote in 1651, was Hobbes criticizing or defending the form of government England had at the time? What evidence do you have?

o   England in 1651 was ruled by Cromwell, who was an absolutist

4. For supplement on Locke, syllabus book, p. 60

·      a) How are people assured of living in peace and safety? (lines 4-5)

o   the establishment of the legislative power, as the first and fundamental natural law which is to govern even the legislative

·      b) What is necessary, in order to make or change law? (lines 14-15)

o   the consent of the legislatures

·      c) A law should be “designed for no other end” (purpose) than… what?

o   The good of the people

·      d) Only with the “consent of the people” can the government.. do what? (lines 30-32)

o   raise property taxes

What was established in England’s 1689 Bill of Rights?

Five things guaranteed in England’s Bill of Rights (1689)

·      Parliament wants to be VERY CLEAR about English government

o   The Bill of Rights helped to fashion a system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament

o   Bill of Rights set forth Parliaments right to make laws and levy taxes

o   Bill made it impossible for kings to oppose or to do without parliament by stating that sending armies could only be raised with the consent of Parliament

o   Rights of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial were also confirmed

1642-1649

1648

1651

1689

1690

1703

1715

England's civil war

end of Thrity Years' War

Hobbes Levithian published

England's Bill of Rights

Locke's Two Treatises of Civil Government published

St. Petersburg founded as Russia's capital

death of Louis XIV ends his 72 years as king