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| The study of the endocrine system. |
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| A specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the endocrine system. |
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| Protrusion (pushing out) of the eyes. One major cause is hyperthroidism. |
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| No intake of food or nutrition, usually done for certain tests and surgeries. |
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| Glucose (sugar) in the urine. |
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| Too much sugar in the blood. |
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| Too little sugar in the blood. |
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| Excessive growth of tissue |
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| Low calcium levels in the blood. |
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| Condition caused by too much insulin, where blood sugar is too low. |
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| Disease of the kidneys, often caused by poorly controlled diabetes. |
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| Away from the trunk of the body; in the extremeties. |
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| Disease of the retina, often caused by diabetes. |
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| Pertaining to veins or the blood in veins |
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| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone |
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| Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus |
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| Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus |
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| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
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| Where in the body is the pineal gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete? |
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| In the brain above and behind the pituitary gland. It secretes melatonin. |
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| Where in the body is the pituitary gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete? |
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| Also called the master gland, it is in the brain below the hypothalamus. It secretes growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone lutenizing hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. |
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| Where in the body is the thyroid gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete? |
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| At the base of the neck. It secretes triodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin. |
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| Where in the body are the parathyroid glands and what hormone(s) do they secrete? |
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| There are four of them on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. It secretes parathyroid hormone or parathormone. |
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| Where in the body are the adrenal glands and what hormone(s) do they secrete? |
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| They are on the top of the kidneys. They secrete epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens. |
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| Where in the body is the pancreas and what hormone(s) does it secrete? |
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| It is in the upper left area of the abdomen near the kidneys. It secretes insulin and glucagon. |
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| Where in the body is the thymus gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete? |
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| In the midchest area. It secretes lymphocytes. |
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| Where in the body are the ovaries and what hormone(s) do they secrete? |
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| On either side of the uterus. They secrete estrogen and progesterone. |
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| Where in the body are the testes and what hormone(s) do they secrete? |
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| In the scrotum of the male reproductive tract. They secrete testosterone. |
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| Regulates the sleep-wake cycle. |
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| What does growth hormone (GH) do? |
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| Promotes bone and tissue growth. |
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| What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do? |
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| Controls the growth and function of the thyroid. |
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| What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) do? |
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| Act on the sexual organs to release sperm and ovum. |
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| Acts on the mammary glands to make milk. |
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| What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do? |
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| Stimulates the adrenal glands. |
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| Acts on the uterus during labor. |
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| What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do? |
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| Acts on the kidneys to increase water absorption. |
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| What does triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) do? |
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| They control growth during childhood and the metabolism. |
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| What does triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) do? |
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| They control growth during childhood and the metabolism. |
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| Takes calcium and phosphorus from the bloodstream and absorbs it into the bones. |
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| What does parathormone (PTH) do? |
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| Releases calcium and phosphorus from the bones into the blood. |
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| What does epinephrine do? |
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| Triggers the "fight or flight" response. Also called adrenaline. |
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| What does aldosterone do? |
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| Regulates the balance of water, sodium, and other electrolytes. |
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| It is the natural steroid. Decreases inflammation. |
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| Develop secondary sexual characteristics (pubic and facial hair, breasts etc.) |
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| Allows glucose in the bloodstream to pass into the tissue. |
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| Acts on the liver to release glycogen. |
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| Develops female sexual characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle. |
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| What does progesterone do? |
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| Prepares and maintains the uterus for childbearing. |
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| What does testosterone do? |
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| Develops male sexual characteristics and helps produce sperm. |
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| What is the function of the endocrine system? |
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| To regulate bodily functions through hormones. |
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| A system where if one substance gets too high, a hormone is secreted to lower it and vice versa. |
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| What gland are the islets of Langerhans located in? |
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| A specific organ that a release hormone is designed to affect. |
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| What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? |
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| Exocrine secretes through ducts to the outside of the body or into a cavity of the body. Endocrine secretes directly into the bloodstream. |
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| An autoimmune disfunction where the insulin producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed so that the body can no longer produce it. Usually starts in childhood. Known as insulin-dependent diabetes because the patient has to inject insulin regularly. |
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| Disease marked by decreased insulin production and decreased sensitivity to insulin. Risk factors are age and weight. Known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes. |
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| What are the primary signs for diabetes? |
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| Polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria |
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| What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? |
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| In type 1, the body stops producing insulin and it has to be injected (IDDM). It type 2 the body produces less and is less responsive to insulin (NIDDM). |
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| What are some of the things a diabetes patient does to keep healthy? |
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| Eat small frequent meals, monitor calorie intake, and exercise regularly. |
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| What are some long term complications of diabetes? |
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| Retinopathy and blindness; neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and limb loss; kidney disease; heart disease and heart attack. |
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| Condition of having too little thyroid hormone in the body. Slows down the metabolism and can stunt growth. |
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| What can cause hypothyroidism? |
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| Too little iodine in the diet. |
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| Why is congenital hypothroidism uncommon in developed countries? |
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| Because it is diagnosed a treated early on. |
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| Why is diet-related hypothroidism uncommon in developed countries? |
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| Condition of having too much thyroid hormone in the body. Speeds up the metabolism and can cause too much growth. |
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| What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism? |
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| The metabolism and body speeds up. Tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, tremor, anxiety,weight loss in spite of increased food intake, and exophthalmos. |
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| Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, often is temporary. Risk factors are women who are overweight before pregnancy and a family history of diabetes. Increases risk for type 2 diabetes later in life. |
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| Is a condition where a newborn is especially large and is hyperglycemic due to the mother having gestational diabetes. |
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| Fasting Blood Glucose Test (FBG) |
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| The patient doesn't eat anything for 8 to 12 hours before the test. A sample is taken of the blood to see what the blood sugar level is. |
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| What is the range for healthy fasting blood glucose levels? |
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| The patient fasts for a certain period and then drinks a concentrated glucose solution. A blood and urine sample is then taken at certain intervals to see how the body deals with the glucose. |
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| Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test |
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| A blood test that shows average blood glucose levels for the past 4 months. |
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| A test done on a urine sample to see if any glucose is present. |
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| Instrument used to regularly measure blood glucose levels. |
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