An amniotic egg doesn't _______.

Whats special about these eggs?

Hint: its on land, so no water

It doesn't dessicate a.k.a dry out.

The eggs are surrounded by their own little pond, enclosed in a compact, efficient, and pretty shell!

TSD-What the heck is this....

(other than an acronym)

Temperature sex determination.

Eggs that incubate above or below a certain temp. develop into a certain sex.

Whats the TSD in lizards, turtles, and snapping turtles?

or

Whos hottt and whos not : (  ?

In turtles females are hot

in lizards males are hot

Snapping turtles are odd, low & high temps become male, intermediate ones are females.

What is Fisher's Sex Ratio Theory?

females and males should normally be born in equal numbers.

if there are extra females make males & vice versa.

a.k.a.

mama wants her kids to get some.

What are the two clades of Amniotes?

Differences?

Synapsids-mammals

(one opening on side of skull)

Diapsids-archosauria& lepidosaura

(two openings on side of skull)

What else can scales form?

horns on a chameleon

dorsal crest of an iguana

rattles of a rattlenake

Scutes are....

broad scales on the ventral surface of a snake, supposed to look like tire treads.

Ecdysis is.....

Why can this be dangerous to snake owners.

shedding of the skin. Snakes do it all at once. Lizards do it in patches, this looks like crap.

scales become cloudy and hard to see out of before they're shed, so snakes become defensive.

What do scales do?

What don't they do?

Scales prevent abrasion but do not prevent water loss, a thin layer of lipids does this.

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what aquatic dino filled the dolphin niche?

How were they diff. than dolphins?

Ichthyosoars

They fed in the Deep Scattering Layer, a dark area, plus they didn't have sonar, so they gots big eyes.

Plesiosaurs have _____in their digestive tracts.

What do they do?

Gastroliths or rocks

they might have used them to grind food or act as a ballast

Turtle shells are made of _____.

What are the two parts of the shell?

Scutes.

There is a lower plastron and upper carapace.

Whats weird is their ribs and vetebral column are fused with the shell.

What did sailors do back in the day to cute galapagos tortoises?

Stocked up on em for meat. THey turned them upside-down under the deck, and kept em there for months.

In what ways to Galapagos tortoises differ?

Shell shape and neck lengths.

Darwin noted this Ind. Variation more than those stupid finches you learn about in high school.

How deep can leatherbacks dive?

How do they stay warm?

Diving up to 1 km, deeper than any other marine mammal. They gots giganothermy!

Their big body takes a while to get cold. Plus a layer of oil & blubber. Also, they have counter-current exchange in flippers!

Why aren't tuataras lizards?

They have a diff. skull and no penes.

poor guys.

What is a relict species?

Name one.

A species that lives in a smaller area than it once did. They live in remote locations, mostly on islands.

Tuataras are relict species.

Clade Testudines

turtles & tortoises

Clade Spendonata

Tuataras

Clade Suamata

snakes & lizards

Who has greater morphological diversity lizards or snakes?

Lizards, they occupy more habitats

although there are more species of snakes

Lizards glide, walk on water, & burrow in sand

How can you tell the diff between a legless lizard and a snake?

Snakes have lidless eyes, scutes.

Lizards have an external tympanum (ear drum)

How does a constrictor kill its prey?

Heart attack first. It takes 1 minute

Apparently squeezing something extremely hard ups their blood pressure.

How do teeth differ in lizards?

Multicuspate teeth in iguanas and recurved teeth of monitor lizards.

How do rattlesnakes eat large prey?

Their dentary bones spread @ their chin. This gives them a wide gape.

What adaptations do lizards have for autotomy?

Fracture planes for an easy break of tail

Tail will continue to thrash for distraction

The tail also has a high tolerance to anerobic activity.

Also arteries constrict before autotomizing so blood isnt lost. 

What lizard cant break its tail off?

Why is it like this?

Chuckawalla doesn't have fracture planes

Tail means social dominance. They would rather die than commit social suicide!

OMG! FOR SURE!

plus females wont have sex with them.

What are the two hypothesis associated with tail breaks?

1)the more predators, the more tail breaks

or

2)lizard populations w/ lots of breaks escape predators well

Males have large femoral poreson the back of their legs secretions are for marking territory.

The secretions also produce UV light other lizards can see.

What is the difference in allometry between some male and female lizards.

Lizards w. male-male competition causes a greater growth of the head once puberty hits.

Females heads are the same size.

When morphology is adapted to different niches this creates ________.

Ecomorphs.

Like with Anoles, some live on tree trunks, others on twigs.

What are R and K types?

How are they affected by disaster?

K species (larger, fewer) are more resistant to the impact of the disturbance.

R Species (smaller+numerous) recover faster

On different bahama islands scientists found the same eco-moorphs, are they related?

No its convergant, there are only so many niches to fill.

What do geckos and anoles have on their toepads?

Lamellae and Setae on the Toepads.

Van der Waals forces help too.

What 4 ways can snakes move?

Serpentine-pushingbody against env.

Sidewinding-in sand

Rectilinear-straight movement w/ use of ribs

Concertina-is like an accordion

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Name two senses snakes have.

Jacobsens Organ-snakes flick their tounge here to pick up odors.

Pit Organs- Pit Vipers and some other snakes use this to pick up on heat.

What is it called when snakes look like venomous snakes (coral snakes) but are not dangerous.

 Batesian mimicry

How did Pfennig test mimics?

He put fake mimic snakes out of the range of the king snakes they were supposed to look like, those snakes had more bite marks on them.