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Legal Terminology
Paralegal Program Terms
200
Law
Post-Graduate
01/23/2018

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Term
Estate
Definition
All the property left by someone who has died
Term
civil law
Definition
a violation of civil law does not directly harm the community; the person harmed sues the violator
Term
court
Definition
the tribunal or forum where the trial occurs, as well as the judge himself. the judge is the trier of law at the trial.
Term
liable
Definition
legally responsible
Term
damages
Definition
an amount of money paid to atone for injury or economic loss
Term
doctrine
Definition
a legal concept generally accepted by most courts which, although often not law, offers guidance to the court. legislatures will sometimes codify, or make into law, a popular doctrine
Term
joint and several liability
Definition
when multiple defendants may be found liable as a group (jointly) or separately (several)
Term
retainer
Definition
money paid to an attorney to secure her services; also refers to the contract between the attorney and client. When an attorney as been "retained', she works in a representative capacity on behalf of the client
Term
appearance
Definition
when an attorney acts on behalf of a client in court. This action may be either a personal appearance in front of the judge or the filing of a document (such as complaint or motion) with the court on behalf of the client
Term
attorney-of-record
Definition
Once an attorney has entered an appearance, he or she is the attorney-of-record in the case
Term
venue
Definition
the place of trial; the physical location
Term
diversity of citizenship
Definition
when a federal court hears a case based upon the fact that the parties are from different states, and that the amount of money claimed as damages exceeds a minimum set by federal statue, which is currently $75,000
Term
plaintiff
Definition
the party who initiates the action by filing a complaint, claiming injury or harm
Term
statute of limitations
Definition
the time limit for filing suit. suits filed after the time limit has run out will be dismissed. the clock generally starts to tick at the time the damages occurred.
Term
summons
Definition
document that informs the defendant that he is being sued and that he has a specific amount of time to respond
Term
complaint
Definition
the pleading that initiates the litigation. filed by the plaintiff, the complaint contains the general allegations against the defendant. it is served with the summons.
Term
parties
Definition
individuals or groups involved in a legal action
Term
cause of action
Definition
a legally valid reason to sue; one of the required elements of a complaint
Term
information and belief
Definition
a common legal phrase that qualifies a statement as being a fact only to the best knowledge of the person making the statement. equivalent to saying, 'this is what i believe happened'
Term
defendant
Definition
the party against whom a complaint is filed
Term
ad damnum clause
Definition
element of a complaint that asks for damages; also called 'wherefore clause' or 'prayer for relief'
Term
co-defendants
Definition
multiple defendants in a legal action
Term
pleading
Definition
a document files with the court asking the court to take some specific legal action. a motion asks the court to rule on a procedural matter. a pleading states a party's position in a legal action
Term
allegation
Definition
a fact claimed by a party
Term
jury trial
Definition
a jury is a group of citizens selected from the community to determine the outcome of a case. in most cases, either party has the right to demand a jury trial, but if both parties agree, the judge may act in place of the jury. this is most common in very technical cases, such as a complex contract situation
Term
filed
Definition
a document is filed when it is presented to the clerk of the court. all documents and any copies are date stamped by the clerk of the court at the time of filing
Term
service or served
Definition
the presentation of legal papers
Term
service of process
Definition
process is the summons and complaint. service of process is the delivery of the summons and complaint upon the defendant in a court action. service is usually done in person. however, service may, in some circumstances, be made by mail, bu publishing a notice in a newspaper or by serving a company. serving a company is often accomplished by serving a registered agent (someone who accepts service on behalf of a company)
Term
personal service
Definition
service of legal papers upon an individual, as opposed to a business or registered agent
Term
process server
Definition
a person who is permitted by law to serve legal documents; must be at least 18 years of age and not a party to the action
Term
affidavit
Definition
a written statement of fact sworn to under oath
Term
affiant
Definition
one who signs an affidavit
Term
attest
Definition
to swear
Term
notary public
Definition
a person authorized to administer the oath and to verify that an individual signs a legal document
Term
jurisdiction
Definition
authority of a court to hear and decide a case
Term
in personam jurisdiction
Definition
jurisdiction over a person
Term
in rem jurisdiction
Definition
jurisdiction over the controversy, often property
Term
quasi in rem jurisdiction
Definition
jurisdiction over property, even though the property is not the controversy
Term
lis pendens
Definition
attachment to the title of a piece of property notifying any potential purchasers that the title is subject to the outcome of litigation
Term
lien
Definition
attachment to the title of a piece of property preventing its sale until a previous financial obligation has been satisfied
Term
rules of court
Definition
laws that govern the procedures of trials
Term
answer
Definition
the pleading filed by the defendant in response to the allegations contained in the complaint
Term
affirmative defense
Definition
an admission that a specific act did occur, arguing that the fault lies not with the defendant. intended to eliminate or reduce a plaintiff's damages
Term
counterclaim
Definition
a claim by the defendant against the plaintiff. sometimes the only determining factor as to whether a claim is an affirmative defense or a counterclaim is whether the defendant is alleging damages. if this is the case, it becomes a counterclaim. a counterclaim is, in essence, a pleading presenting the defendant's complaint against the plaintiff
Term
cross claim
Definition
a claim by one defendant against a co-defendant. one form of cross claim occurs when one original defendant sues another original defendant, but third-party complaints are also cross claims
Term
third-party complaint
Definition
pleading where a defendant sues someone not yet a party to the action
Term
reply
Definition
this pleading is the plaintiff's response to a defendant's counterclaim
Term
default judgement
Definition
a judgement by the court in favor of the plaintiff, based on the fact that the defendant failed to respond in a timely fashion
Term
motion
Definition
a request that the court take a specific procedural step. pleadings usually state specific legal positions about the matter before the court, while motions (such as a motion to extend time to respond) are procedural in nature, and act as a request for an order
Term
litigation
Definition
the process of asking a court of law to decide the outcome of a dispute; a lawsuit
Term
contest
Definition
to challenge
Term
discovery
Definition
the methods whereby one party obtains relevant information on a case from the other party. The method that attempts to even the playing field between parties by exposing all relevant facts upon which the court will ultimately base its decision. discovery is between the parties and does not directly involve the court, although the Certificate of Mailing for each document is often filed
Term
Method of Discovery

Interrogatories
Definition
Written questions to the opposing party that must be answered under penalty of perjury.
example - describe the events leading to the accident
Term
Method of Discovery

Request for Admissions
Definition
written statements the opposing party must admit or deny under penalty of perjury. failure to respond within a specified period of time (in most cases, 30 days) means that the statements are assumed to be admitted
ex: admit or deny you had been drinking alcohol shortly before the accident
Term
Method of Discovery

Request for Production
Definition
a request that documents or other physical items be provided for inspection. also referred to as a Inspection of Documents or Property
ex: please produce any all receipts for...
Term
Method of Discovery

Request for Mental or Physical Examination
Definition
Request that the other party (usually the plaintiff) be subjected to a mental or physical examination. this is a form of discovery that may require court approval so that it cannot be used to intimidate
Term
Method of Discovery

Depositions
Definition
oral questions that must be answered under oath. depositions take place out of court, most often in an attorney's office, with a court reporter transcribing the testimony. attorneys from both sides must be present and will have the opportunity to ask questions. depositions can take place for the purpose of questioning the opposing party or for questioning witnesses. depositions are sometimes videotaped and audiotaped
Term
certificate of mailing
or
certificate of service
Definition
when a document is filed with the court or when discovery is sent to a party, a certificate of mailing is usually attached. this certificate attests that a true and correct copy of the document was sent to all parties involved in the litigation. the certificate should be signed by the person who places it in the mail, unless the state requires an attorney's signature. this is often replaced with a Receipt of Copy (ROC)
Term
order
Definition
an official command by the court, usually demanding that one or both of the parties perform an act
Term
hearing
Definition
a proceeding in court, where the judge and both parties are present
Term
privilege
Definition
the right to refuse to testify or to prevent someone else from testifying
Term
ex parte hearing
Definition
a hearing at which only party is present, such as a hearing on a motion for a restraining order. ex parte hearings are not common
Term
third-party defendant
Definition
the party against whom the third-party complaint was filed. the defendant in the original complaint becomes the 'third-party plaintiff'
Term
motion to dismiss
Definition
asking the court to end a case without going to trial.
Term
dismissal with prejudice
Definition
a case is dismissed and may not be brought again, because the court has made up its mind about the case
Term
dismissal without prejudice
Definition
a case is dismissed but may be filed again, because the court has not made up its mind about the matter
Term
trial brief
Definition
also called trial memorandum or points and authorities, this document is filed with the court to argue a legal issue, relying on law to support the party's position. often filed in support of a motion, it attempts to convince the reader and only argues points favorable to the client
Term
motion for summary judgement
Definition
a pretrial motion asking the court to determine the outcome of the case based on the pleadings and motions rather than going to trial with a jury. the argument is that there are no material facts to dispute, only law, and since the jury is the trier-of-fact, there is no need for a jury or trial. it may also refer to a motion to limit the issues that will be dealt with at trial, referred to as partial summary judgement. a successful partial summary judgement determines the outcome of some, but not all, of the issues before the court
Term
magistrate
Definition
a judicial officer who may preside over hearings, a magistrate does not have all the powers of a judge. he or she ordinarily deals with procedural matters
Term
pretrial conference
Definition
a meeting between the court and the parties for clarification of procedural matters and to promote settlement
Term
stipulation
Definition
an agreement between counsel for the parties regarding a fact, issue, or point that will not be disputed at trial
Term
settlement agreement (settlement)
Definition
an agreement to end the litigation for an agreed-upon consideration, usually money
Term
at issue
or
in issue
Definition
a legal question to be answered by the court
Term
evidence
Definition
that which tends to establish or disprove a fact
Term
direct evidence
Definition
evidence (from personal observation) that tends to establish a fact without the need for an inference. ex- a witness who sees a gun fired can give direct testimony as to a shooting
Term
circumstantial evidence
Definition
evidence of one fact that requires an inference to establish another fact. ex- a witness who hears a shot, turns around and sees a man holding a gun can give circumstantial evidence as to a shooting
Term
oral evidence
Definition
evidence given orally, also called testimonial evidence
Term
physical evidence
Definition
evidence that can be touched, also called tangible or demonstrative evidence
Term
admissible
Definition
the evidence that will be allowed to be considered by the jury. the jury will decide whether or not to believe the evidence
Term
docket
Definition
the court's official calendar for trials and hearings to take place in that courtroom
Term
set for trial
Definition
to set a date for trial upon which the attorneys, parties, and court agrees
Term
jury, jurors
Definition
a group of citizens who will be called upon to hear the evidence and render a verdict. the jury is the trier of fact
Term
jury panel
Definition
the group from which a jury will be selected
Term
voir dire
(for the jury)
Definition
to question prospective jurors
Term
challenge for cause
Definition
a method of dismissing a juror for good cause shown. challenges for cause are unlimited in number
Term
peremptory challenge
Definition
a method of dismissing a juror for which no reason need be given. these challenges are limited in number, commonly three or six
Term
bailiff
Definition
court employee who keeps order in the courtroom
Term
alternate juror
Definition
a person who sits to hear the entire case with the jury, but who will not deliberate or vote on a verdict unless one of the jurors is dismissed. civil cases in many jurisdictions have no alternates. instead, the parties and judge agree on the number of original jurors and on how many may be dismissed
Term
opening statement
Definition
presentations made by the attorneys at the beginning of a trial, stating the facts they intend to prove during the trial
Term
burden of proof
Definition
the degree to which something must be proved at trial. the party making an allegation or claim generally bears the burden of proof.
Term
preponderance of the evidence
Definition
the burden of proof in civil cases means that it is more likely than not that a fact is as a party alleges it to be. the burden of proof in criminal matters is beyond a reasonable doubt, a higher standard.
Term
rule on witness
Definition
a rule that states that a witness in a case may not be in the courtroom during the testimony of other witnesses. mostly used in criminal cases, it may be used in civil cases at the judge's discretion.
Term
subpoena
Definition
the document issued under authority of the court to compel the appearance of a witness
Term
subpoena duces tecum
Definition
a document issued under the authority of the court to compel the appearance of a witness, and ordering the witness to provide specific documents
Term
objection
Definition
a formal challenge by opposing counsel to evidence or questions asked of a witness
Term
bench conference
Definition
a discussion between the judge and attorneys, usually conducted at the judge's bench so the jury cannot hear what is said.
Term
prejudicial
Definition
the tendency to cause bias even where no bias has existed previously
Term
probative value
Definition
the value of pursuing an investigative or probing line of questioning
Term
preserving the record
Definition
an attorney making statements, or repeating a previously overruled motion, to protect any right to appeal at a later point
Term
sustain
Definition
to affirm an objection
Term
competency
Definition
legal capacity to testify. elements of competency are:
- understanding the obligation to tell the truth
- knowledge of the topic of the testimony
- ability to communication
Term
examination
Definition
questions directed at a witness who is under oath in court or at a deposition
Term
direct examination
Definition
questioning the witness first. the party calling the witness to the stand conducts the direct examination.
Term
cross examination
Definition
after direct, the other party may cross-examine the witness, but is limited to the topics brought up under direct (within the 'scope')
Term
redirect examination
Definition
the party conducting direct conducts the redirect to clarify matters brought up during cross. the party conducting redirect cannot introduce a new line of questioning, but it limited to matters discussed during cross.
Term
recross examination
Definition
the party conducting cross conducts the recross but is limited to matters brought up during redirect. (many courts do not typically allow recross)
Term
proximate cause
Definition
the event or point at which a series of incidents begins ultimately resulting in an event with damages
Term
negligence
Definition
establishment of a duty, followed by a breach of that duty, resulting in damages. in order to be actionable, the negligence must have been the proximate cause of the damages. negligence generally means an act is accidental, not intentional.
Term
excuse the jury
Definition
the judge instructs the jury to leave the courtroom temporarily.
Term
grounds
Definition
reason or reasons
Term
relevant
Definition
tending to prove or disprove a fact in an issue
Term
to strike from the record
Definition
to have certain testimony removed from the record of the trial. this is usually accompanied by an admonition to the jury that, when deliberating, they are not to consider the testimony they just heard.
Term
clerk of court
Definition
the person or persons responsible for the court files and exhibits
Term
exhibit
Definition
a physical item presented to support an argument
Term
introduction of evidence
Definition
attorneys must 'move' for a piece of evidence to be admitted into evidence. if the motion is granted, the evidence will be assigned a number or letter and labeled.
Term
resting a case
Definition
when a party is finished presenting evidence, it rests.
Term
move
Definition
to present a motion to the court
Term
motion for directed verdict
Definition
the court is asked to decide the outcome of a case because the plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case
Term
adjourn
Definition
to halt temporarily, but not end, the trial
Term
prima facie case
Definition
a case that is sufficient on its face. this means that if all facts alleged by the plaintiff are eventually proved true at the trial, the plaintiff deserves to be awarded damages. a prima facie case must exist at all stages of the proceedings from the filing of the complaint through trial. if at any point during litigation, a party can establish that a prima facie case does not exist, the case should be dismissed
Term
take under advisement
Definition
the court delays a ruling on a motion so that the motions may be considered
Term
expert witness
Definition
a person who has been qualified by the court to have experience and knowledge in a specific area and who will be allowed to express opinions related to his area of knowledge
Term
qualify
Definition
to establish a witness's expertise in a specific area
Term
voir dire (of a witness)
Definition
to question a potential witness to determine his or her competency or the appropriateness of his or her testimony
Term
closing argument
Definition
each attorney addressing the jury or the court at the end of the trial, attempting to persuade prior to deliberations.
Term
jury instructions
Definition
guidelines to the jury about how the law is to be applied, and the facts may be considered during its deliberations. may also be referred to as a charge to the jury
Term
deliberations
Definition
a jury's discussion of the case, in private, following the trial, with the goal of rendering a verdict
Term
verdict
Definition
the final conclusion of the jury
Term
foreperson (foreman or forewoman)
Definition
the member elected by the jury to lead the deliberations and speak for the jury
Term
motion for judgement NOV
(notwithstanding the verdict)
Definition
a motion asking the court to disregard the jury's verdict and replace it with the court's own verdict. NOV stands for Non Obstante Verdicto
Term
judgement
Definition
the final conclusion of the court. in civil cases, the judge usually enters the jury's verdict into judgement. however, the judge has the power to alter or overturn the jury's verdict. in criminal cases, the judge cannot overturn a jury's finding of not guilty. but the court may overturn a guilty verdict in the interest of justice.
Term
additur
Definition
when the judge adds to the amount a jury has awarded. typically, the judge will give the party who must pay the award the choice of an increased award, or a new trial will be granted to the other side
Term
remittitur
Definition
the process whereby a judge subtracts from the amount of damages a jury has awarded. in effect, the judge gives the party awarded damages the choice of either accepting a lesser amount, or a new trial will be granted to the other side. (the inverse of additur)
Term
motion for new trial
Definition
a request that the judge order a new trial because of procedural errors. a party must generally file this motion in order to later appeal, fulfilling the obligation to exhaust all available remedies
Term
appeal
Definition
to ask the court at the next higher level to determine whether the trial court erred.
Term
appeal as a matter of right
Definition
a party who loses in the trial court has the right to have his or her case heard by the next highest appellate level court in civil court. there are circumstances in which an appellate level court has no choice but to hear the appeal, such as some death penalty cases in state criminal courts
Term
waive
Definition
to give up a right. a waiver may be either voluntary or the result of an action, or inaction, by the party
Term
stay
Definition
to delay the implementation of a court's order
Term
notice of appeal
Definition
written notification in motion form that a party intends to appeal. most court rules require that the motion be filed with the trial court, the appellate court, and sent to any other parties involved in the action. a party has the automatic right to one appeal to the next highest court
Term
bond on appeal
Definition
a sum of money held by the court to ensure that the funds from the award will be available after the appellate process
Term
res judicata
Definition
doctrine stating that a case has been decided on its merits may not be re-litigated.
Term
to bar
Definition
to prevent or stop
Term
appellant or petitioner
Definition
the party responding to an appeal
Term
record
Definition
the official collection of all pleadings, exhibits, motions, orders, and transcript of the trial
Term
transcript
Definition
the word-for-word typed record of what occurred at trial.
Term
appellate brief
Definition
a written argument by a party covering the issues, called 'points of error', on appeal. the brief by the appellant is usually referred to as the 'response brief'.
Term
points of error
Definition
the questions that are the basis for the appeal. also called 'issues on appeal', these questions point to potential errors of the trial court
Term
response brief
Definition
a written answer to the appellate brief
Term
oral argument
Definition
an oral presentation to an appellate court. the party must request an oral argument; that request is not always granted.
Term
panel of justices (or judges)
Definition
the portion of an appellate-level court that hears a case. usually, a panel is made up of three judges
Term
en banc
Definition
when the entire appellate level court sits to hear and decide a case, indicating the case has a high level of importance.
Term
opinion
Definition
written decision of the court
Term
majority opinion
Definition
the strongest form of opinion. when more than fifty percent of the court agrees on a decision. a majority opinion is law until it is superseded or overturned
Term
majority opinion
affirm
Definition
the appellate court agrees with the decision of the trial court
Term
majority opinion
reverse
Definition
the appellate court disagrees with and nullifies the decision of the trial court
Term
majority opinion
modify
Definition
the appellate court alters the decision of the trial court
Term
majority opinion
remand
Definition
the appellate court sends the case back to the trial court further deliberation
Term
concurring opinion
Definition
opinion of one or more judges that agrees with the results of the majority, but arrives at that result for different reasons.
Term
dissenting opinion
Definition
opinion that disagrees with the majority opinion
Term
petition
Definition
to make a formal request to the court. some states refer to complaints as petitions depending on the type of action filed. for example, a 'petition for dissolution of marriage' would involve a petitioner and respondent rather than a plaintiff and defendant.
Term
rehearing
Definition
a second chance to present arguments to the court on the same issues.
Term
petition for writ of certiorari
Definition
the vehicle by which the case is taken from the court of appeals (state or federal) to the supreme court (state or federal). also, the means by which a case is taken from a state supreme court to the U.S. Supreme Court. the writ of certiorari is issued by the higher court. if the higher court approves the petition, the higher court with review the case. if the higher court denies the petition, the decision of the lower court stands. this is frequently referred to as petition for writ of cert.
Term
criminal law
Definition
a violation of criminal law is viewed as harming the community. therefore, the state acts against the violator. penalties for violating criminal law include fines, community service and imprisonment. one can be sued civilly and charged criminally for the same event.
Term
prosecution
Definition
the bringing of criminal charges against a defendant; also the party presenting the Government's case at a criminal trial.
Term
state or government in a criminal case
Definition
prosecution
Term
warrant
Definition
an order from a judicial officer or the court authorizing an arrest or a search or seizure of property
Term
initial appearance
Definition
the first court appearance by a defendant to a criminal charge, during which the court informs him or her of the charges, decides whether bail is appropriate, and sets the date for the next court proceeding.
Term
misdemeanor
Definition
a crime punishable by a sentence of less than one year
Term
felony
Definition
a crime punishable by a sentence of a year or more in prison
Term
bail
Definition
money or property deposited with the court to procure the release of a defendant and to ensure the appearance of the defendant at trial
Term
bail bond
Definition
a written agreement to pay the full bail amount to the court if the defendant fails to appear when required
Term
personal recognizance
Definition
a defendant is released without being required to post bail, on the promise that he or she will appear in court at designated times.
Term
assigned counsel
Definition
an attorney who is ordered to represent a defendant, usually because the defendant cannot afford an attorney
Term
counsel
Definition
legal representative. attorney
Term
nolle prosequi
Definition
the decision of the prosecutor not to prosecute, even though he or she believes that there is sufficient evidence to do so.
Term
district attorney
Definition
prosecutor for the state
Term
plead
Definition
to declare a defendant's position in a criminal trial, usually either 'guilty' or 'not guilty'. other possible pleas include 'nolo contendere'
Term
plea bargin
Definition
a defendant in a criminal case agrees to plea guilty, usually to a lesser charge, in return to a reduced sentence.
Term
nolo contendere (or no contest)
Definition
when a defendant decides not to contest the charges, but does not admit guilt. the defendant may be sentenced as though he had pleaded guilty
Term
preliminary hearing
Definition
a hearing requiring the State to produce sufficient evidence to establish that there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed by the defendant
Term
bound over
Definition
submitted to; sent
Term
grand jury
Definition
an investigatory panel that determines whether probable cause exists to return an indictment
Term
indictment
Definition
a formal charge by a grand jury alleging a criminal act
Term
arraignment
Definition
formal hearing in court where the defendant is informed of charges being brought and generally pleads guilty, not guilty, or nolo contendere
Term
beyond a reasonable doubt
Definition
the degree of proof required in a criminal prosecution usually requiring unanimous agreement of the jury. the jury may have some doubt and still find the person guilty, but the doubt cannot be reasonable. if the doubt is reasonable, the verdict must be not guilty
Term
acquit
Definition
to find a defendant not guilty
Term
adverse judgment
Definition
a judgment against your client
Term
double jeopardy
Definition
in a criminal case, the state cannot retry a defendant on the same charges once a not -guilty verdict is rendered by a judge or jury
Term
chain of custody
Definition
for evidence to maintain its integrity, there must be chronological documentation of each person having possession of the evidence (custody) from the point of collection (or seizure) until admission at trial, including how it has been controlled, transferred, analyzed, or otherwise handled. applies to physical and electronic evidence and may be relevant in civil or criminal cases
Term
full faith and credit
Definition
article IV, section 1 of the U.S. Constitution establishes that individual states within the United States must respect the 'public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state'. in short, any state must give 'full faith and credit' to the laws and judgments of other states
Term
precedent
Definition
a prior case (usually a written court opinion) that a subsequent court may rely upon when deciding a matter with similar facts and/or issues
Term
stare decisis
Definition
the principle that a court should follow previous court decisions unless there exists a compelling reason not to. related to the concept of precedence. stare decisis means 'let the decision stand'.
Term
due process
Definition
legal principle that the government must safeguard the legal rights owed to a person according to the law, including notice of proceedings and a chance to be heard prior to the loss of life, liberty, or property. also a constitutional guarantee that a law shall not be unreasonable
Term
notice
Definition
to provide, or to gain, knowledge of legally relevant information. notice is a critical concept applicable in almost every area of law. for instance, a defendant in any legal action, whether civil, criminal or administrative, has a right to be 'noticed' as to that matter. in civil law, having 'notice' of certain facts can indicate a person's liability (such as when a person is aware of a dangerous condition on his or her property)
Term
An issue
Definition
a question of law
Term
bias
Definition
the potential for unfairness due to preconceptions, lack of open mindedness, or prior involvement in a case
Term
privilege
Definition
the right to refuse to testify, or to prevent someone else from testifying
Term
registered agent
Definition
a business or person authorized to accept service on behalf of a corporation as though the corporation itself had been served
Term
process
Definition
summons and complaint
Term
motion in limine
Definition
motion requesting that information which might be prejudicial not be allowed to be heard in a case. It is not arguing that the evidence is irrelevant but that its relevance is outweighed by its prejudicial effect
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