homeosis

a DNA base sequence which the homeodomain is specified

(hox genes)

have variable regions near thier homeodomains, which allow them to bind and to regulate the enhancers of different genes, and therfore control the development of different structures

signaling molecules

primarily macrophages and histamine

1. dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

2. invasion of macrophages and especially neutrophils from the capillaries into the tiessue

3. activation of natural killer cells

mature in bone marrow

produce b cell receptors (cell membrane bound)--> circulating antibodies

interact with antigens encountered in the circulation

the circulatiing antibody molecules (liberated b-cell receptors) secreted by teh b-lymphocytes and make up 20% of the proteins in the blood plasma

4 chains: 2 identical light  chains and 2 identical heavy chains bound together by S-S links

antibodies "made to order"

the antigen itself serves as a template for the construction of the antibody, which therefore is "made to order"

antibodies "ready made"

a casty arroy of naive b-lymphocytes making b cell receptors with different antigen-combining sites exits before exposure to antigens (ready made)

dendritic cells

macrophages

b-lymphocytes

the study of the limits of the distribution and abundance of organisms

The interactions between organisms and thier environment

probability of living to age "X"- average

r=b-d

r-the per-individual rate of reproduction

b-birth

d-death

"physiological" survivorship curves

cases where the probability of survival is high until an organism is old

found it best possible environments and in species with high investment in individual juviniles

exponential survivorship curves occur when the probability of death is random over all ages

a constant fraction (1-d) survive in each time interval

"hyperbolic" curves are typical when birth and juvenile death are both high

sessile organisms with many small planktonic larvae show type III survival

the probability of survival is much higher in adults than in larvae

keep population from increasing

independent and dependent

physical evnironment-weather, fire, avalanche

huge random variation occurs because of weather

orientation

hooking

retrieval

population increase under ideal conditions, free to reproduce to capacity

dN/dt=rN

N= number of animals in species

t=time

delta N= change in population size

delta t= time interval

d= per capita death rate- allows us to calculate the expected number of deaths per unit time in a population sof any size

r=rate- whether a population is growing or declining

j-shape graph

r_eff=r(1-N/K)

r=rate

N= number of animals in species

K=carrying capacity

per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the carrying capacity is reached

s-shaped graph

rate of population growth

equals

(exponential growth)-(logistic growth²/Carrying Capacity)

dN/dt

dN/dt=rN-rN²/K

dN/dt=r(1-N/K)N

The more the rate deviates from K, the more likely it is to return to K. 

D=

(#species/100)² then add up total of species then

1/total

adaptive physiological adjustment to a change in environment, such as increase in resting metabolic rates in endotherms during winter.

how an organism fits into the ecosystem

the organisms "profession"

net secondary production is the energy stored in biomass represented by growth and reproduction.  assimilation consists of the total energy take in and used for growth, reproduction, and respiration.  It is therefore the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is NOT used from respiration

production efficiency=net secondary production/assimilation of primary production X100%

a phenotypic feature that contributes to fitness (see ‘fitness’) in a given environment. 

situations in which individuals have higher fitness in  dense as compared to sparse populations.

inhibition of a competitor by chemical means.  For example, the bread mold fungus produces penicillin to inhibit bacterial competitors.

has a conspicuous signal (e.g. color pattern) as a warning of noxious and/or dangerous qualities.  The rattlesnake’s buzz is an aposematic signal.

digestion and absorption by cells.

a harmless and edible prey species resembles (mimics) a noxious and/or dangerous model species in order to deter predators.

either (1) the capacity of the environment to support populations, as measured by the resources available, or (2) the number of individuals of a given species that can be supported in a given environment.

allopatric populations of 2 different species are more phenotypically similar than sympatric populations of those species.  Character displacement is usually thought to be caused by interspecific competition.

increase in range and/or resource use by one species when a competing species is removed.

an organism that tends to let its internal environment follow (conform to) the external environment.

increase in range and/or resource use in the absence of some limiting factor, such as another species.

one species mimics a harmless or edible (or otherwise attractive) model species in order to get resources from a third species.  For example, a predator may mimic the food of a prey species in order to lure prey closer.

adaptively expressing or not expressing a phenotype in response to changes in the environment; opposite of ‘obligate’.

:  a set of species that share the same range and use the same general set of resources (e.g. grazing animals in a prairie; birds foraging for insects under bark in a forest).

:  maintenance, through physiological mechanisms, of a constant internal environment (condition) even though the external environment varies.

an organism that maintains a constant internal body temperature.  See ‘poikilotherm’. 

phenotypes that share a common ancestor are homologous.  See ‘analogous’.

a predator of intermediate size, e.g. raccoons as compared to weasels on the one side, and wolves on the other.

a phenotype or condition that is expressed at all times, regardless of environmental conditions.

a best compromise between conflicting demands.  For example, beak size in a finch may be an optimum; big enough to crack most seeds (though not the biggest) and small enough to handle most small seeds (though not the smallest).

transported by another organism (e.g. seeds stuck to a bird’s beak; burs in a dog’s coat).

:  lying on or outside a border or range.  Peripatric speciation is a result of long-range dispersal of a few colonizers.

a self-accelerating reaction; a situation in which a deviation from an equilibrium tends to increase.

an organism that maintains a high level of homeostasis; opposite of ‘conformer’.

related to feeding, or energy flow.

juveniles that are helpless and dependent on adult care for a prolonged period after hatching/birth (such as chicks of tree-nesting birds).  See ‘precocial’.