Term
| percentage of plasma, leukocytes/platelets, packed erythrocytes in blood sample |
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Definition
plasma - 45%
hematocrit (packed erythrocytes) - 55%
leukocytes/platelets (buffy coat) - 1%
**these numbers can vary a bit |
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Term
| in serum, the clotting factors... |
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Definition
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Term
| erythrocyte shape and lifespan |
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Definition
shape - biconcave discs
lifespan - 120 days |
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Term
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Definition
glycophorin C - attaches underlying cytoskeleton protein network to cell membrane
band 3 protein - binds hemoglobin and acts as an anchoring site for cytoskeletal proteins
ankyrin |
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Term
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Definition
anchors peripheral membrane protein lattice to lipid bilayer
w/o it, won't have efficient bi-concave shape of erythrocytes, so won't be good at gas exchange-->cell shape will thus be round-->known as spherocyte (same happens w/spectrin) |
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Term
| Hemoglobin has how many polypeptide chains? |
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Definition
4 (alpha, beta, delta, and gamma each omplexed to iron-containing heme group)
**4 oxygens can be binded to 1 heme group |
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Term
| erythropoietin produced by... |
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Definition
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Term
| neutrophils associated with... |
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Definition
| acute bacterial infections |
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Term
| neutrophils - number of lobes and primary granules |
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Definition
2 to 4 lobes
azurophilic granules (primary) - contain myelperoxidase and defensins (occur in all granulocytes, and monocytes and lymphocytes)
**myeloperoxidase used in leukemia to see type of WBC present |
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Term
| lymphocytes associated with... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
B impt for antibody production (usually CD 19+, CD 20+), T cells impt for cell-mediated immunity
**CD markers - under 9 = T cell, above 9 = B cell |
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Term
| natural killer lymphs (3) |
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Definition
programmed to kill tranformed cells (those infected by a virus or that turned into tumor cells)
larger than T and B lymphs w/kidney shaped nucleus
also called large granular lymphocytes |
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Term
| cytotoxic CD8+ T lymhocytes (2) |
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Definition
sensitize and recognize Ags via TCRs on host cells that are infected by viruses or have become neoplastic
only recognize Ags bound to MHC 1 molecules |
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Term
| helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
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Definition
needed for induction of immune response to foreign antigens
Ag bound to MHC II molecules is presented by Ag-presenting cell (ex. macrophage) to CD4+ T cell
**CD markers must multiply to 8:
CD8-->MHC 1 (8 x 1)
CD4-->MHC 2 (4 x 2) |
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Term
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Definition
largest WBC in peripheral blood
indented nucleus
during inflammation, they leave blood vessel at site of inflammation and transform into macrophage |
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Term
| eosinophils associated with...(2) |
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Definition
allergy and asthma
parasitic infections |
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Term
| eosinophils - structure and major proteins (major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil derived neurotoxin) |
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Definition
structure - biloped nucleus
MBP, ECP, and EPO have strong cytotoxic effect on protozoa and helminths; EDN causes nervous system dysfunction in parasites |
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Term
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Definition
least numerous of WBCs
Specific granules have heparin, histamine, heparin sulfate, leukotrienes - the intense basophilia of the granules relates to the high concentration of sulfates
Functionally related to mast cells – bind IgE via Fc receptors. This releases vasoactive agents from the basophil granules which are responsible for the severe vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
bleeding and clotting
**she said Mcwhinney will cover the rest |
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Term
| platelets aka thrombocytes (2) |
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Definition
anucleate cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes
during formation, small bits of cytoplasm are separated from the peripheral regions of the megakaryocyte by platelet demarcation channels |
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Term
| Where does hematopoiesis occur in infant and adult? |
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Definition
infant - bone marrow of all bones
adult - bone marrow (mostly flat bones and proximal femur)
**bone marrow responsible for RBC production in all bones - if an adult has erythropoiesis, something's wrong |
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Term
| how to calculate bone marrow cellularity |
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Definition
| cellularity changes w/age: subtract age from 100 and add +/- 10% |
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Term
| hematopoesis defined by... |
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Definition
| the presence of CD34+ surface marker protein |
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Term
| neutrophils originate from... |
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Definition
CFU-GEMM stem cell
**IL-3 impt in differentiation |
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Term
| neutrophil differentiation order |
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Definition
myeloblast-->promyelocyte-->myelocyte-->metamyelocyte-->band-->segment
**everything starts out as "blast" then "pro," etc. |
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Term
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Definition
earliest recognizable neutrophil precursor in bone marrow
spherical nucleus w/3-5 nucleoli
small amnt agranular cytopasm which stains basophilic |
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Term
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Definition
| large spherical nucleus w/azurophilic (primary) granules |
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Term
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Definition
| specific granules begin to form |
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Term
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Definition
| stage when neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil can more definitely be identified based on presence of many specific granules |
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Term
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Definition
nucleus is elongated and horseshoe-like shaped
When 2 to 4 nuclear lobes are seen,
cell is mature neutrophil or POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHIL aka segmented neutrophil |
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Term
| cannot differentiate eosinophilic or basophilic precursors form neutrophilic precurors morphpologically until... |
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Definition
| late myelocyte stage or early metamyelocyte stage when SPECIFIC GRANULES appear |
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Term
| erythrocytes develop from CFU-GEMM into ____ under the influence of _____ |
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Definition
into CFU-E
under influence of erythropoeitin, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-4 |
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Term
| order of erythrocyte maturation |
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Definition
| proerythroblast-->basophilic normoblast-->polychromatic normoblast-->orthocrhomatic normoblast-->reticulocyte-->erythrocyte |
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Term
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Definition
large spherical nucleus w/1-2 nucleoli
basophilic bc of free ribosomes |
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Term
| basophilic erythroblast (2) |
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Definition
smaller nucleus and more heterochromatic
cytoplasm very basophilic (bc of free ribosomes which synthesize hemoglobin)
**as hemoglobin accumulates in cytoplasm, staining w/eosin starts |
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Term
| polychromatophilic erythroblast |
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Definition
| shows both basophilic and acidophilic staining of cytoplasm (grey to lilac color) |
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Term
| orthochromatophilic erythroblast (2) |
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Definition
cytoplasm eosinophilic bc of large amnts of hemoglobin
no longer capabale of division |
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Term
| polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte) - (2) |
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Definition
ready to pass into blood sinuosoids of marrow
high amount-->bands present |
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Term
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Definition
| megakaryoblast-->promegakaryocyte-->megakaryocyte-->platelet |
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Term
| Under influence of ______, stem cell differentiates into CFU-Meg which is committed to development into a megakaryoblast |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| large cell w/nonlobed nucleus |
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Term
| Under stimulation by _______, ploidy increases before chromosomal replications ceases and the cell then becomes a platelet producing _______ |
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Definition
under stimulation by THROMBOPOEITIN...
becomes a platelet producing MEGAKARYOCYTE |
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Term
|
Definition
multilobulated nucleus and scattered azurophilic granules
***see slides 53-70 for cases/practice questions |
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Term
| thrombocytopenia will cause... |
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Definition
| bleeding, bruising, petechiae |
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