Term
| C and D (porteins create a straight line across) |
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Definition
| Which gels indicate that the population is monomorphic |
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Term
| A and B (proteins are scattered across) |
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Definition
| Which gels indicate that the population is polymorphic |
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Term
| A (some samples have more than 2 protein bands) |
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Definition
| Which gel indicates there are heterozygotes in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| Balanced polymorphism refers to polymorphism that is maintained in a population by |
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Term
| balanced polymorphism AND heterozygote advantage |
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Definition
| Sickle-cell anemia is an example of what evolutionary concepts? |
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Term
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Definition
| The frequency of neutral alleles in a population is determined by |
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Term
| frequency dependent selection |
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Definition
| The mouth orientation polymorphism (right-mouthed vs. left-mouthed) seen in a species of cichlid fish studied in class is likely a case of |
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Term
-mutation
-genetic recombination from sexual reproduction
-gene flow
-genetic drift |
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Definition
| Sources for genetic variation within populations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to variation that occurs between different populations of a species |
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Term
-natural selection
-genetic drift |
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Definition
| What factors tend to increase genetic variation between populations? |
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Term
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Definition
| Geographic forms of a species that are given formal names |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to evolutionary changes that occur with a single lineage |
|
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| Defines species as as population or group of populations whose members have the potential to successfully interbreed with one another, but cannot interbreed with members of other such groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Species which are morphologically very similar to one another and not easily distinguished based on what they look like |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Eastern and Western Meadowlark are an example of |
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Term
| reproductive isolating mechanism |
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Definition
| Refers to any feature of an organism that prevents two species from successfully interbreeding with one another |
|
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Term
| a prezygotic barrier AND hybrid infertility |
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Definition
| The fact that different species of fireflies flash their light at different rates and different heights from the ground is an example of |
|
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Term
| a postzygotic barrier AND hybrid sterility (infertility) |
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Definition
| The fact that horse and donkey are god species even though they can interbreed to produce a hybrid, the mule, is an example of |
|
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Term
| a prezygotic barrier AND mechanical isolation |
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Definition
| The fact that two species of flowering plants do not interbreed because they each depend on a different insect pollinators that cannot, because of flower size, transfer pollen between them, is an example of |
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Term
|
Definition
| Speciation that refers to the formation of a new species within the population of the parent species without any geographic isolation of populations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Geographic speciation is also referred to as |
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Term
| the prevention of gene flow which enhances the evolutionary divergence of population |
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Definition
| A critically important factor in geographic speciation is |
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Term
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Definition
| This is said to occur when two previously geographically isolated populations become at least partially sympatric |
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Term
| a founding population that is very small |
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Definition
| What factor would tend to increase the likelihood of allopatric speciation following a founder event? |
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Term
-isolated populations that occupy different environments may undergo evolutionary divergence
-isolated populations may evolve reproductive isolating mechanism that prevent or reduce interbreeding when those population come into contact
-the isolation of populations may facilitate speciation |
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Definition
| Fruit fly experiment: "starch flies" preferred to mate with "starch flies" and "maltose flies" preferred to mate with "maltose flies". These results support the following conclusions |
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Term
| plants; alterations in chromosome number |
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Definition
| Sympatric speciation is relatively common in _________ and generally involves _________. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An autopolypoid species is a species that has multiple sets of chromosomes derived from |
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Term
|
Definition
| Allopolypoid species generally arise through |
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Term
| a change in a developmental gene or its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts |
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Definition
| A genetic change that cause a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back made possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. this type of change is an example of |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
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Term
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Definition
| Salamanders that become sexually mature while retaining otherwise larval characteristics are an example of |
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|
Term
-Radiometric dating provide a means of estimating the absolute age of rocks and fossils
-Radiometric dating makes use of the half-life of radioactive elements, which refers to the number of years it takes for 50% of a given sample of radioactive material to decay to its decay product
-Uranium-238 would be a suitable element to use to age fossils containing rocks that are hundreds of millions of years old |
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Definition
| What statements are correct concerning radiometric dating? |
|
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Term
| Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic |
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Definition
| List the geological Eras in order form youngest to oldest |
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Term
|
Definition
| At the end of the Paleozoic (about 250 mya) the present day continents were all part of one large continent referred to as |
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Term
|
Definition
| The oldest known fossils are approximately __________ years old |
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Term
| Cretaceous-Tertiary (Paleogene) |
|
Definition
| The __________ mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago and included the extinction of most of the dinosaur lineages |
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Term
| Rates of evolutionary change are not constant; rather there are long periods of very little evolutionary change (stasis) interrupted by periods of relatively rapid change associated with the formation of new species. And major evolutionary changes within a lineage or difference between lineages are the result of changes that took place over the relatively short period associated with speciation events |
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Definition
| What statement is consistent with the idea of punctuated equilibrium? |
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Term
| a molecular clock that used changes in sequences of an HIV gene sampled from patients over the past 40 years to project backward to an estimated origin |
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Definition
| The estimate that HIV-1 first jumped from chimpanzees to humans in the 1930s is based on |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the evolutionary history and relationships of a species or group of species |
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Term
|
Definition
| A species or a named group of species is a |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics that occur in two or more groups of organisms because they were obtained from the common ancestor of those groups are said to be |
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Term
|
Definition
| The independent evolution of similar characters in two or more taxa that did not share a recent common ancestor that possessed the character leads to a type of similarity that is termed |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact that birds and bats are similar in that their forelimbs are wings used in flight is an example of |
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Term
-Shared derived characters are the most useful characters for determining the phylogenetic relationships within a group of organisms (e.g. relationships within the mammals)
-A derived character refers to a character that has changed from a previous state, the previous state being referred to as the ancestral or primitive state |
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Definition
| What is true about derived state character? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shared derived characters are also referred to as |
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Term
|
Definition
| A _________ is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two taxa that share a common ancestor (a node on a cladogram) are termed |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cladistic approach to systematics is also referred to as |
|
|
Term
| only recognizes monophyletic taza as valid taxa |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Grouping 1 (look at test) |
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Definition
| Which of the following groupings of species represents a paraphyletic taxon? |
|
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Term
| these two groupings represent two distinct grades |
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Definition
| Under the traditional approach to vertebrate classification, it is considered justified to place birds in a class Aves and crocodilians, snakes and lizards, and turtles in the class Reptilia because |
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Term
| an ancestral character relative to its occurrence within a given group of mammals (e.g. various bats with rodents as the outgroup) |
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Definition
| The occurrence of hair in mammals can be considered |
|
|
Term
| requires the fewest total number of character state changes to account for the observed distribution of derived characters among the taxa placed on a tree |
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Definition
| In cladistics, the most parsimonious tree is the one which |
|
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Term
| Cladogram 2 (look at test) |
|
Definition
| Cladogram that represent the best relationship among the three species indicated |
|
|
Term
-Humans
-Chimpanzees
-Gorillas
-Orangutans
-Gibbons
-Old World Monkeys
-New World Monkeys |
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Definition
| Anthropoids include all of the following |
|
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Term
-gibbons
-orangutans
-gorilla
-chimpanzees
-humans |
|
Definition
| Hominoids (Hominoidea) include all of the following |
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Term
|
Definition
| Current evidence indicates that the split between the lineages that led to modern chimpanzees and modern humans occurred about ________ years ago |
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Term
|
Definition
| Homo habilis, which dates back in the fossil record to about _________, is one of the oldest fossil species placed in genus Homo |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fossil record indicates that more than one member of the genus Homo co-occurred in the past. True or false? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The oldest fossil record of Homo sapiens dates back to __________ years ago. |
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