Term
| Distinguish between the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer in terms of location. |
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Definition
Epidermis - outer layer, touchable, see-able, skin. no blood vessels.
Dermis - Middle layer, has blood capillary.
Subcutaneous Layer - Adipose tissues, blood vessels. |
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Term
| Distinguish between the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer in terms of general function. |
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Definition
Epidermis - Protects the body against entrance of pathogens, Ultraviolet radiation and Excessive water loss.
Dermis - Binds dermis to underlying tissues, Pressure, pain, heat, and cold receptors are in deeper parts of the dermis, supplies blood to epidermis.
Subcutaneous layer - Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs, Site of white blood cell action, Heat insulator, Fat Storage, Padding protection. |
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Term
| Name the four types of membranes. |
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Definition
1. Serous membrane
2. Mucous membrane
3. Synovial membrane
4. Cutaneous membrane |
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Term
| Describe the location of the four types of membranes. |
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Definition
1. Serous - line body cavities that lack openings to outside. i.e. inner lining of thorax and abdomen
2. Mucus - line tubes and organs that open to the outside world lining of mouth, nose, throat, anus.
3. Synovial - Inner lining of joint cavities between ends of bone.
4. Cutaneous - covers body - skin. |
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Term
| Describe the two layers of the epidermis discussed in class. |
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Definition
Stratum corneum - Outermost layer; Numerous layers of dead, flat, keratinized cells; Constantly sloughed off and replace.
Stratum Basale - Innermost layer of epidermis; Well nourished by dermal blood vessels; Site of miotic cell division; New cells move from the stratum basale towards surface. |
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Term
| Distinguish between eccrine and apocrine glands |
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Definition
Eccrine sudoriferous glands - Occur all over the body – most numerous; Secrete sweat onto skin surface directly; Clear, watery perspiration; Activated with increase in body temperature; Functions to cool the body.
Apocrine sudoriferous glands - Empty secretion into hair follicle; Located in axillary and genital regions; Activate at puberty; Respond to stress, sexual arousal; Milky sweat due to proteins and fats; Odorless. |
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Term
| What are melanocytes? Function? Location? |
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Definition
| melanocytes are melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis. |
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Term
| List functions of the integumentary system. |
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Definition
| 1. Protection against Dehydration and Injury 2. Excretion 3. Temperature regulation – homeostasis 4. Sensory perception 5. Synthesis of Vitamin D 6. Defense against bacteria and viruses |
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Term
| Distinguish between red and yellow marrow In terms of location and function. |
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Definition
Red marrow is found mainly in the hollow cavities of flat bones, such as the hip and cranial bones, but also in the spongy bone areas of the epiphysis in long bones. Red marrow is responsible for production of Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells.
Yellow marrow is found in the hollow interior (medullary cavity) of the middle portion (diaphysis) of long bones. |
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Term
| Distinguish between compact and spongy bone. |
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Definition
Spongy bone -
- interior of small bones, skull bones and epiphysis of long bones.
- consists of bony columns and spaces filled with red marrow.
- reduces bone weight, without reducing strength.
Compact bone -
- Forms the wall and surface of diaphysis.
- Tightly packed tissue with...
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using diaphysis. |
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Definition
| The diaphysis is the long center portion of long bones composed of compact bone, forming the medullary cavity. |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using epiphysis |
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Definition
| The ends of long bones that contain the spongy bone and red marrow. Proximal and distal epiphysis. |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using spongy bone |
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Definition
| Porous area inside the epiphysis that contains the red marrow. |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using compact bone |
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Definition
| Dense bone tissue that is hard and ridgid, encasing nearly all bones. |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using articular cartilage |
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Definition
| slippery, and tough Cartilage that covers the articulating ends of bones. |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using periosteum |
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Definition
| Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones except at the joints of long bones |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using endosteum |
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Definition
| The endosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using medullary cavity |
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Definition
| medullary cavity is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow are stored. |
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Term
| Describe macroscopic bone structure using epiphyseal disk |
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Definition
| epiphyseal disk is where continued growth in length occurs. cartiledge is converted to bone on the diaphysis side. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the epiphyseal disk and the epiphyseal line. |
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Definition
| growth ocurs on the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal disk. once growth has halted, the disk is occified, becoming the epiphyseal line. |
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Term
| Describe microscopic structure of compact bone using the following terms: osteon, osteonic canal, lacunae, canaliculi, matrix, lamellae, osteocyte, Volkmann canal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss the roles of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in regulating blood calcium levels. |
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Definition
Parathyroid hormone is secreted by Parathyroid gland to increase Osteoclast activity which increases blood calcium. Also causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium.
Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland when blood Calcium is high, causing deposition of calcium in bone matrix, and causes the kidneys to release calcium in urine. |
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Term
| Distinguish between the following: osteocyte, osteoblast, chondroblast, osteoclast. |
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Definition
1. Osteocyte - Mature bone cells
2. Oteoblast - young bone forming cells
3. Chondroblasts - cartilage forming cells
4. Osteoclasts - bone dissolving cells |
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Term
| Discuss bone classification. Give examples of each classification. |
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Definition
1. Shape
- Long bones - femur
- Short bones - tarsals, carpels
- Flat bones - cranial, scapula
- Irregular - vertebra
- Sesamoid - patella
2. Texture
- Compact
- Spongy |
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Term
| Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton. |
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Definition
Axial Skeleton - Bones along the longitudinal axis of the body.
Appendicular skeleton - pectoral girdle and upper extremeties; pelvic girdle and lower extremeties. |
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Term
| Explain the difference between enodchondral and intramembranous ossification. |
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Definition
cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification. It is an essential process during the the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Flat Bones.
cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. formation in nearly every other bone. |
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Term
| Define the term ligament. |
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Definition
| Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bone |
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Term
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Definition
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Blood Cell Production
5. mineral Storage |
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Term
| Which bones develop from intramembranous ossification and from enodchondral ossification. |
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Definition
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