Term
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Definition
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Term
| Review of basic sleep architecture |
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Definition
Relaxed drowsy
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Dreams
REM 1
REM 2
REM 3
REM 4
REM 5
^Sleep occurs in cycles (approx 4-5 per night
-More deep sleep (stages 3+4) early in the night
-Muscle tension decreases
-Blood pressure decreases
-More REM later in night
-Very groggy if woken up
-REM sleep gets progressively longer later in the night
-Paradoxical sleep (HR, respiration, breathing, like they are awake)
-Sleep paralysis controlled by pons (brainstem) inhibits neurotransmissions and keeps from reaching spinal cord and muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal behaviors during sleep |
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Term
Sleepwalking disorder (somnambulism)
(parasomnia) |
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Definition
-20% of children, 4% adults
-Complex motor behaviors during sleep
-DSM IV= you have to get out of bed
-Capable of fairly complex behavior (eating, machinery, bathroom)
-Capable of avoiding obstacles, but prone to accidents
-Eyes usually open (blank stare)
-Occurs during stages 3+4 (more common during 1st 1/3 of night)
-Sleepwalking doesn’t occur during REM
-No sleep paralysis during 3+4
-Possibly vague memory of sleepwalking
-Hereditary (15% of first degree relatives also sleep walk sometime in their lives) |
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Term
Sleep terror disorder
(parasomnia) |
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Definition
-Horrific dream images: “awakens” screaming
-Not actually awake, still asleep
-They wont remember the disturbance
-More common in children (5%, especially boys)
-Remits in adulthood (1% of adults)
-1-10 minute duration of night terror
occurs during Stage 4 (NREM) sleep
difficult to wake up (even though screaming or crying)
-no sleep paralysis (body can move)
-person has at best a vague recall
usually don’t remember at all
-usually happen earlier in the night
-sleep terrors are a lot different than nightmares
-sleep terrors early in sleep during stage 3+4
-nightmares occur during REM, longer REM later in night so more likely to remember, have sleep paralysis and cant move |
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Term
REM sleep behavior disorder --- pons in brain stem
(parasomnia) |
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Definition
-Pons becomes dysfunctional
-Person dreams, but nothing inhibits movement
-To some extent acts out dreams
-Occurs during REM but muscles don’t become paralyzed
-Can act out nightmares, sometime violently
-More common in men over the age of 50
85% have hurt themselves, 44% have hurt their bed partners
-took cats, lesioned pons in brain stem
cats will go through motions of seeking out and attacking prey while in REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
abnormalities in amount, quality, or timing of sleep
Insomnia
Hypersomnia |
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Term
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Definition
abnormalities in amount, quality, or timing of sleep
Insomnia
Hypersomnia |
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Term
Narcolepsy symptoms
(dysomnia) |
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Definition
--Sudden sleep attack
Abrupt switch from wakefulness into REM
Can occur at “inopportune” times (often when excited, sex etc)
Stays asleep for about 15 min
--Cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone (control)), sleep paralysis
Also some sleep paralysis (cataplexy) upon reawakening |
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Term
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Definition
-Affects 1/2000 (150,000 in USA)
-Equal: M/F
-Typically first seen in adolescence
-Usually preceded by excessive sleepiness |
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Term
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Definition
--Genetic
--Low levels of hypocretin
Hypothalamus, cluster of 10,000-15,000 neurons that produce neurotransmitter called hypocretin (keeps you awake) |
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Term
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Definition
--Stimulants
Modafinil
--Napping
--Possibly stem cells?
Inject stem cells that can produce the neurons that create hypocretin in hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
3 types: sexual dysfuntions, paraphilias, gender identity disorder
... |
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Term
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Definition
| - problems functioning adequately during sexual relations |
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Term
| Genders and sexual dysfuntions |
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Definition
-Women tend to be more prevalent
-Men have more anxiety about sex |
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Term
Sexual desire disorders
(dysfunction) |
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Definition
– typically a lack of sexual desire
--Hypoactive sexual desire
--Sexual aversion disorder
From rape etc |
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Term
Sexual arousal disorders
(dysfun) |
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Definition
– want to but cant
--Sexual arousal disorder (female)
Vaginal lubrication
--Male erectile disorder (male)
Sexual impotence
Viagra
Due to physiological condition |
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Term
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Definition
– delay or absence of orgasm (post-arousal)
--Inhibited male orgasm (male orgasmic disorder)
--Inhibited female orgasm (female orgasmic disorder)
--Premature ejaculation (1/3 of men during lifetime)
Age of person
Frequency of sexual contact
Young person who hasn’t had much sexual contact, its expected to orgasm quickly |
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Term
Sexual pain disorders
(dys) |
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Definition
--Dyspareunia
15% of female, 10% of male, pain during or after sexual contact
--Vaginismus
Psychological
Anticipating penetration, reflexive muscular contraction of vagina that makes penetration impossible or difficult
Because of bad sexual experiences or what they’ve heard, sex is going to be harmful or painful |
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Term
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Definition
– achieving sexual arousal through inappropriate/unusual means
-M:F – 20:1
-Sexual arousal only under certain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexually aroused by inanimate objects |
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Term
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Definition
-Males, heterosexuals, sexual contact with wives or girlfriends (can be female, mostly male)
-Need to dress in opposite sex clothing while having sex |
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Term
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Definition
-Older people that can only get sexually aroused through relations with children
-Not child molestor: a molestor enjoys sexual activity as way of punishing children |
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Term
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Definition
| Expose genitals in attempt to surprise them or arouse them |
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Term
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Definition
-Achieve arousal through watching peole who don’t kno they’re there
-Sometimes feel sorry for person being watched
-Voyeur sometimes ends up in hospital, falling off stuff |
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Term
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Definition
| Arousal from putting pain on someone |
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Term
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Definition
| Arousal from receiving pain during sex |
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Term
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Definition
-Guys in subway rubbing on women
-Achieving arousal but going up to stranger and rubbing up against a stranger
-Sometimes exposure, sometimes not |
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Term
| Comorbidity high in these cases |
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Definition
-35% of them are comorbid for all three major types of paraphilia:
fetishism,sexual sadism and sexual masochism, transvestic fetishism |
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Term
| Gender Identity Disorders (GID) |
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Definition
-Made famous by ex army GI (Chris Jorgenson) became Christine Jorgenson
-GID (mild)
-Transsexualism (severe) |
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Term
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Definition
-Strong and persistent cross-gender identification – in childhood, they insist they’re of the opposite sex (they actually believe) and manifest in diff ways (cross-dressing) and also see strong preference for opp sex activities in childhood (consistent with psychological identity); in adolescence behaviors become more demonstrative (in public and private)
-Persistent discomfort with his/her sex:
-childhood- little boys insist their penis is disgusting and don’t want to engage in rough-and-tumble activities; little girls want to urinate standing or insist that they’ll grow a penis one day and don’t want to develop breasts and menstruate and strong adversion for fem clothing
-adolescence- aversion manifested by wanting to get rid of genitals and start to research sex change operation
-Causes significant distress/impairment in functioning (person feels trapped in body of wrong sex, in a state of despair-often suicidal or try to diy sex change) |
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Term
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Definition
-transsex. is ‘rare’ (1/37,000 for males; 1/100,000 for females) –but not quite sure how ‘rare’ because these^ estimates based on people who seek surgery- but many don’t pursue surgery because they can’t afford or are afraid of outcome
-gender ratio: 3:1 ? (more recent estimates indicate that gender ratio is more equal) (being male and acting female is subject to more ridicule- being a sissy- than for being a tomboy, so females may be able to live with it… ; may also stem from complications of surgery ‘it’s easier to make a hole than a pole’)
-onset: usually before 4 (signs at around ages 2-4)
-usually grow out of it by adolescence
very few children with GID develop transsexualism
but about 40% develop "homosexual preferences" (Green, 1985)- anatomical vs psychological homosexuality (but male brain in female body- just because it’s anatomical homo doesn’t mean it’s psych homo…)
at least 50% of transsexuals had GID as children |
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Term
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Definition
-different from "gender nonconformity“ (23% boys; 39% girls) –kids occasionally engaging in activities/preferences that are more typical of opp sex, and kids like their bio sex -- GID is pervasive and kids usually very distressed (a lot stronger)
-different from transvestic fetishism –both engage in cross-dressing but very different purposes/motivations- transvestites are mostly heterosexuals and like their bio sex and cross-dress to become sexually aroused (causes a lot of conflicts with spouse/significant others), would be devastated with sex change- transsexuals cross-dress because that’s who they are psychologically, it’s comfortable, not for sexual arousal
-drag queen- dressing as opp sex to attract opp sex… |
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Term
| Treatment: sex-reassignment surgery |
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Definition
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Term
4-step process
(sex change surgery) |
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Definition
evaluation- make sure person is dedicated to procedure and aware of complications/implications; rule out differential diagnoses (some schiz males go through periods where they think they’re female, multipersonality disorder); when did person start feeling this way (recent, childhood…)
hormone treatments- males take estrogens, females take androgens (hormones go a long way but don’t do it all- esp m-f- need cosmetic surgery)
cross-living- must live as opp sex for one year (usually very well able to pass as opp sex because of hormones)
surgery- transition takes psychological toll |
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Term
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Definition
review of studies published 1979-1989 (Green & Fleming,1990):
130 F-T-M- 97% didn’t regret (reasonably pleased)
220 M-T-F- 87% (transitioning from f-m is more socially acceptable…?)
7% or surgeries resulted in tragic outcomes- regret, wishing could change back (Abramovitz, 1986)
-Cohen-Kettenis (97)
-22 adolescent reassignments followed up after 1-5 years and found no regrets |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
hormone imbalances during fetal development:
-prenatally exposed female monkeys to androgens are rated as more masculine than control group (aggressive, chasing, fighting, rough-and-tumble monkey activity)
-humans: mothers were given androgens and estrogens during pregnancy (in 60s and 70s)- in both cases offspring of women given hormones that were opp sex of child, child’s behavior was more typical of opp sex
-^hormones can affect brain development |
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Term
| Psychological (gender identity is learned via socialization) |
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Definition
-inappropriate sex role socialization (Green, 1979:
-parents wanted child of the opposite sex
--less likely to discourage cross-gender behavior (if anything would encourage); dressed in opp sex clothing
-close attachments to opposite sex parent (attachment promoted an identity)
-some support (Money, Hampson, & Hampson, 1955)
--study of hermaphrodites (born with ambiguous genitals) and assigned wrong gender at birth- many of these children ended up developing gender identity of their assigned sex rather than biological sex (which became apparent around puberty) –controversial: long-term follow up found those assigned opposite were unhappy… maybe their brain developed more ambiguously in regards to gender (not strong male or female brain development) |
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