Term
|
Definition
-mostly produced by Gram + organisms
-toxins only secreted while bacteria is alive
-secreted by bacterial cells to digest and break down large molecules outside the cell for use of the nutrients
-can be deactivated by heat and acid |
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Term
|
Definition
A-B toxin
membrane disrupting toxins
superantigens |
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Term
|
Definition
most common exotoxin
-A has enzymatic activity
-B binds to host cell membrane and triggers endocytosis
-once inside, A alters cell function triggering B to be released |
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Term
| membrane disrupting toxin |
|
Definition
-exotoxin
-cause cell lysis (like streptococcus causing hemolysis) |
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Term
|
Definition
-exotoxin
-stimulate strong immune response and cytokine release (like necrotizing fascitis) |
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Term
|
Definition
-lysis/cell membrane damage (Strep, leukocidin)
-destroys blood vessels (erythrogenic)
-paralysis (Clostridium botulinum (flacid), tetani (contractive))
-diarrhea (Vibrio or Staph)
-inhibit protein synthesis (Diphtheria) |
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Term
|
Definition
-after cell dies (lysis) that toxin is released
-component of gram neg cell wall - part of lipopolysaccharide
-heat resistant
-cause release of cytokine called interleukins |
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Term
|
Definition
-fever
-chills
-shock
-stomach ulcers - Helicobacter pylori
-TB - Mycobacterium
-weak immune response - not long lasting |
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Term
|
Definition
LPS - lipopolysaccharides - released from gram negative cell wall
IL-1 - cytokine released by macrophage which triggers fever |
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Term
| Mechanical defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
skin
fluids - tears, saliva, perspiration |
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Term
|
Definition
-a form of mechanical defense
-coughing/sneezing
-cilliary escalator moves microbes up and out
-fluids - tears, urination |
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Term
| chemical defense mechanism |
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Definition
-sebum
-gastric juices
-lysozyme
-transferrin |
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Term
|
Definition
| tears move across eye to flush it |
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Term
|
Definition
| oil glands in skin give us a low pH (3-5) |
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Term
|
Definition
in nasal mucous, tears and saliva
-breaks down bacterial cell wall |
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Term
| gastric juices (stomach acid) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-blood proteins that bind to iron
-reduce availability of iron to Bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| compete with bad microbes - prevent colonization of bad microbes |
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Term
|
Definition
-neutrophils - phagocytosis
-lymphocytes - specific immunity
-monocytes - mature into phagocytes - macrophages - goes into tissues
-eosinophils - fights parasites
-basophils - stimulates inflammation (histamine) |
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Term
|
Definition
T-cells - cell-mediated response - specific immunity
B-cells - produce antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
-neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages
-mechanism - chemotaxis; adherance (margination - blood vessel wall gets sticky); diapedesis (WBCs can transport out of capillaries); ingestion; digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
seeks out and attacks abnormal eukaryotic cells
-release perforin protein and "granzyme" proteases which cause cytolysis |
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Term
|
Definition
Major Histocompatibility Complex - 1 - identifies cell as self
2 - only on macrophages and B-cells - allows cells to become Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) |
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Term
|
Definition
vasodilation - increased permeability of blood vessels
phagocytosis - begins with chemotaxis - phagocyte migration
tissue repair
fever
-4 cardinal signs (redness, heat, swelling, pain) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus (thermostat)
-Gram negative LPS causes phagocytes to release IL-1
-IL-1 resets thermostat to higher temp, stimulating lymphocytes and causing chills |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
30+ different "serum proteins" get activated by microbes
-cause cytolysis of microbes, inflammation and phagocytosis (opsonization) |
|
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Term
| Classical complement protein activation pathway |
|
Definition
initiated by Antigen-Antibody complex
-requires antibody in system -takes more time from initial exposure |
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Term
| Alternative complement protein activation pathway |
|
Definition
direct contact between bacteria and complement
-directly activated - quicker |
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Term
| Lectin complement protein activation pathway |
|
Definition
lectins from liver bind to carbohydrate on bacterial cell surface
-act on opsonin |
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Term
|
Definition
viral warning system - created by infected host cell
-protein goes to neighboring cells to stimulate it to produce antiviral proteins
-host specific, but not virus specific |
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Term
|
Definition
-alpha and beta - stimulate AVP
-gamma - induce phagocytosis of bacteria |
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Term
| interferons as drug therapy |
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Definition
| for cancer, herpes, hep B and C, MS |
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Term
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Definition
| resistance to a specific disease-causing microbe |
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Term
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Definition
| immunity you're born with - blood type antibody |
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Term
|
Definition
acquired during a person's lifetime
-natural (getting sick) VS artificial (vaccine)
-active (lymphocytes get activated) VS passive (breast milk) |
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Term
| characteristics of immunity |
|
Definition
-specificity
-memory cells (remain in body lymph nodes)
-recognition of self/non-self |
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Term
|
Definition
| gamma globulins or antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
-anitbody mediated
immunity in body fluids - B cells produce antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| T-cells have to have direct contact |
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Term
|
Definition
-antibody generating molecule
-can be foreign proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides
-proteins make the best antigens because they're large in size |
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Term
| antigenic determinant OR epitope |
|
Definition
small part of protein that identifies the antigen as such
-antibody binds to this to form an Ag-Ab complex |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the Ag is too small to generate an immune response on its own, it binds to a carrier molecule (protein) to become antigenic |
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Term
|
Definition
| recognize same Ag, but different epitope |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize same Ag and same epitope |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins made by the host that fit a specific antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Y shaped - has stem and two antigen binding sites on tips |
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Term
| constant region of antibody |
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Definition
| Stem - (Fc region) - same for all antibodies of one class |
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Term
|
Definition
IgG - most abundant
IgM - first produced - pentamers - 5 antibodies cross linked - binds 10 antigenic determinants
IgA - stem allows this to be secreted in bodily fluids - dimer (duo)
IgD - found on surface of B-cells
IgE - found on surface of mast cells (inflammatory/allergic response) |
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Term
| variable region of antibody |
|
Definition
Y tips - antigen binding sites (2)
unique to each antigenic determinant |
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Term
|
Definition
agglutination
neutralization
opsonization
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
| clumping of antigen together |
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Term
|
Definition
| blocks pathogen of toxin adhesion |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulation of phagocytosis |
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Term
| antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| -B-cell has IgD on surface which can link to antigen directly or helper T cell can bring Ag to Ab on B cell |
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Term
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Definition
| after virgin B cell is linked to a specific Ag, it proliferates into two groups - plasma cells (produce Ab) AND memory cells (which are dormant and can create plasma cells later which create antibodies) |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes 1-2 weeks to fight pathogen - host gets sick |
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Term
| secondary immune response |
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Definition
| anamnestic response - very fast/strong |
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Term
|
Definition
antigen presenting cells - macrophage digests antigen
MHC II presents part of antigen on surface of macrophage
presented to helper T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| human APC (human leukocyte antigen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| activated by clonal selection to produce differentiated T-cells |
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Term
|
Definition
tag foreign cells
stimulate other T cells, B cells and macrophages through cytokines
use CD4 receptor to recognize antigen
mechanism - Helper T binds to Antigen-presenting-cell (APC)
-then APC releases IL-1
-IL-1 causes helper T to produce IL-2 which leads to differentiation of clone of helper Ts |
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Term
|
Definition
become cytotoxic T lymphocytes
secrete perforin and granzymes to lyse target cells
similar to natural killer cells
use CD8 receptor to target infected cell |
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Term
|
Definition
AKA suppressor T cells
suppress other T cells
modify inflammation
regulate tissue rejection/autoimmune disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes t-cell differentiation and increases inflammation/histamine response |
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Term
|
Definition
programmed cell death through blebbing and digestion by phagocytes
-100 million lymphocytes made each day - when they aren't activated they need to die to make room for new ones
-when apoptosis is out of whack, you have cancer - leukemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| stay dormant until another exposure to relevant antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Mycobacterium leprae - grows best at 30 degrees - like in extremities
-long generation time (12 days)
-can only be cultured on "nude" mice and armadillos
-grows in myelin sheath of PNS |
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Term
| tuberculoid or paucibacillary leprosy |
|
Definition
shows as skin lesions
-healthy immune system limits disease
-loss of sensation can lead to secondary infection
-6 months antibiotics |
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Term
| multibacillary or lepromatous form of leprosy |
|
Definition
with poor immune system disfiguring nodules form all over the body
-infection of mucous membranes follow by tissue necrosis
-12 months antibiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
-contact between nasal mucosa and other fluids
-requires prolonged, intimate contact
-symptoms can take years to develop |
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Term
|
Definition
antibiotic combination
6 mo for paucibacillary
12 mo for multibacillary |
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Term
| Polio/poliomyelitis causative agent |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Polio/poliomyelitis symptoms |
|
Definition
-starts with sore throat and nausea
-then infection in tonsils and lymph nodes
-motor neurons destroyed
-flacid paralysis |
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Term
| Polio/poliomyelitis transmission |
|
Definition
fecal-oral route - summer lake outbreaks
human contact |
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Term
| Polio/poliomyelitis reservoir |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
vaccine - Salk vaccine (1954) - inactivated virus - 90 % effective
-Sabin Vaccine (1964) - live virus but there are shipping/storage issues |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| middle-aged adults who recovered develop muscle weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
1978 in Amish PA
1982 in Taiwan
1993 in Netherlands
2004-2006 in Nigeria
2004-2009 in India
2011 in Pakistan, Congo, Chad
current in Syria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
zoonoses; saliva of infected animal - bite, lick or aerosol
-only 5-15% of those exposed develop the disease |
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Term
|
Definition
bite site starts with burning, coldness and tingling
-either "Furious" heightened alert OR "Paralytic" lethargy/calm
-then virus travels up limb and creates spastic paralysis
-when swallowing becomes painful, there's hydrophobia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Animals - dogs, vampire bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vaccine - 3 injection series - limited to high risk personnel |
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Term
|
Definition
-virus multiplies in skeletal muscle and connective tissue
-moves into PNS, then CNS
-incubation period can be days to months, even if bite heals over |
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Term
|
Definition
vaccine - before 1980 - 24 injections
after 1980 - 5 injections over 28 days; including immunoglobulins (passive immunity) |
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Term
| Septicemia causative agent |
|
Definition
normally Gram negative microbes
-contamination of circulatory system |
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Term
|
Definition
-red mottled rash bc capillaries start to leak
-tissues blacken (especially at extremities) - looks like frostbite
-chills and fevers |
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Term
|
Definition
caused by Gram negative endotoxins
-blood pressure drops when plasma leaks into interstitial spaces |
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Term
|
Definition
Toxic Shock Syndrome - S. aureus, S. pyogenes
nosocomial infections - Enterococcus faecalis
infections in newborns - Group B strep - birth canal flora |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| toxoplasmosis causative agent |
|
Definition
| Toxoplasma gondii (eukaryotic organism - protozoa) - not virus or bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
-healthy adults develop antibodies
-personality differences show involvement in nervous system
-highest risk to fetus in utero - miscarriage or stillbirth can turn into nervous system issues later |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toxoplasmosis pathogenesis |
|
Definition
-can be from lack of handwashing after cat contact
-inhalation of kitty litter
-ingestion of meat |
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Term
|
Definition
| Toxoplasmosis; Other (syphillis); Rubella; Cytomegalovirus; Herpes Simplex II |
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Term
| Influenza causative agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-8 cassettes of segmented RNA genome
-3 subtypes - A and B most common
-antigenic drift - small genetic changes from human to human - slow mutations
-antigenic shift - large, major genetic changes that occur only occasionally when there are introductions of genetics from animal reservoirs |
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Term
|
Definition
-animal reservoirs - antigenic shift
-H - hemagglutinin - helps virus attach
-N - neuraminidase - helps virus detach |
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Term
|
Definition
| human reservoir - no antigenic shift, only antigenic drift |
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Term
|
Definition
| mild disease - doesn't cause epidemic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aspirin can induce this - rash/fever/vomiting/lethargy to encephalitis |
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Term
|
Definition
1918 - Spanish flu
1957 - Asian flu
1968 - Hong Kong flu |
|
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Term
|
Definition
carry 3 different antigens
choose most virulent strains based on demographics and geography |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tamiflu - blocks neuraminidase - can create psychotic episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
low pathogenic - fewer eggs
high pathogenic - must kill entire population to prevent transmission |
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Term
| Whooping cough causative agent |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria paralyze cilia of trachea
congestion makes it difficult to move air in + out |
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Term
|
Definition
90% mortality rate in infants under 1 yr
many virulence factors |
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|
Term
| whooping cough pathogenesis |
|
Definition
-incubation - 7-10 days; up to 6 weeks
-catarrhal stage - cold-like symptoms
-paroxysmal stage - uncontrollable cough - up to 6 weeks
-convalescent stage - can last for months |
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Term
| whooping cough complications |
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Definition
| secondary infections - pneumonia, seizure, pnuemothorax, nose bleeds |
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Term
| whooping cough transmission |
|
Definition
high within household (80%)
droplet transmission |
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Term
| whooping cough prevention |
|
Definition
vaccine - whole cell - can lead to fever seizures
-acellular (1996) - combined with diphtheria and tetanus |
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Term
| Hepatitis causative agent |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of liver; flu-like, jaundice |
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Term
|
Definition
| fecal-oral route - can live for days on surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
incubation 2-6 weeks (avg 4)
-acute - 3 weeks; full recovery
-50% subclinical |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ab within 2 weeks of exposure; rest |
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Term
|
Definition
contact w body fluids
parenteral - breaks in skin |
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Term
|
Definition
50% asymptomatic
-flu-like
-change in taste |
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Term
|
Definition
90% full recovery (3-4 months after onset of jaundice)
10% chronic - especially if young |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rest
interferons
nucleoside analogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-22 week incubation
55-85% become chronic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can take 20 years to present |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interferons with limited effectiveness |
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|
