What are the characteristics of reptiles?

1.  

   1. Body covered with keratinized scales and sometimes bony plates

   2. Usually 4 limbs and 5 toes (some limbs absent)

   3. Skeleton well ossified – strong bones and jaws

   4. Lungs

   5. 3 and 4 chambered hearts with circulation to lungs

   6. Kidneys and uric acid waster

   7. internal fertilization

   8. Eggs leathery or calcareous with 3 extra-embryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, and allantois)

   9. Mostly oviparous, some ovavivoparous

What is the advantage and disadvantage of venom?

Venom effectively makes you “larger.” You can kill animals larger than yourself in both defense and offense.

Disadvantage: Like most things, has a high metabolic cost.

What is the structure and significance of the amniotic egg?

3 parts: amnion, chorion, and allantois

Amnion: surrounds and protects embryo

Chorion: Outermost layer.

Allantois:  helps embryo with gas exchange and handle liquid waste

Significance: Allows egg to exist outside body and outside water.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Squamata

Common names: lizards, snakes, worm lizards

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Chelonia (or Testudines)

Common name: turtles and tortoises.

Shell is held up by vertebrae fused vertebrae and ribs. Carapace covers that. Hard plate underneath is plastron.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Crocodilia

Common species: crocodiles, alligators, caimans, etc

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Sphenodonta

Common species: tuataras

Has 3^rd eye covered by skin. Can sense dark and light.

What are the characteristics of Amphibians?

1. Skeleton of bone

1. Usually 4 limbs (with bone support); 4 digits

2. smooth moist skin with many glands

3. senses go from lateral line to hearing and smell

4. lungs usually, but not always

5. 3 chambered heart with circulation to lungs

6. mostly oviparous, some ovoviviparous (rarely)

7. Mostly require water for reproduction

   - Some do not need water.

   - Some have plasticity; have some ability to vary this need

What is neotony? How do some amphibians use it?

Neotony → retaining features of a younger form. (also called Paedomorphosis “child form”)

Mud puppy → has gills in adult form; typically a larval feature.

Axolotl → also neotonous. However, if water slowly dries up, they will resorb gills and become gill-less, terrestrial salamander. Only goes one way; cannot regain gills.

3 Orders of Amphibia

Anura (frogs and toads)

Caudata (salamanders and newts)

Apoda (caecillians)

Cane toads video

Not sure what he will ask. You're on your own :)